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longwall sccl powered roof support coal mine ground control horizontal stress rock excavation coal mines limitations continuous miner ground control coal or metal mines cutting tools monitoring of slopes slope failure modes stabilisation of slopes dump stability slope stability underground mine strata monitoring instrumentation opencast mine slope analysis opencast mines open pit mines factors affecting slope stability pillar design tributory area panel stability in bord and pillar mines different methods failure of panels salmon formula versus sheorey formula effect of roof and floor on pillar stability india coal mining strike panels dip rise panels caving mechanism strata control ground reaction curve under ground cavability ground control practices or techniques numerical modelling types of modelling geomechanics longwall technology in india failure of longwalls selection of support singareni collieries company limited borehole break out insitu stress measurement of insitu stress coal mine hydro fracturing method overcoring ground movement monitoring bucket chain excavator scrapers longwall shearer auger miner different excavation machines underground tunnel boring machines types of excavation machines thin seam extraction roadheader plough theories of rock interaction pick lacing pattern mobile tunnel miner applicability various picks longwall ground control stress mapping control measures coal workers pneumoconiosis mechanisation progressive massive fibrosis miner powered roof supports two leg shields support selection four leg shields yield pillar local mine stiffness coal pillar various approaches for pillar design subsidence limits components of subsidence subsidence upsidence prediction of subsidence analysis of subsidence factors affecting subsidence horizontal strain control of subsidence multiple openings design of openings in mines kirschs law plastic zone consideration theories of interaction various types of picks formulae for analysis of cutting force dozers highwall miner application rippers shovels different open cast or open pit excavation machine bucket wheel excavatorr