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Work study is the systematic
examination of the methods of carrying
on the recourse and to set up standard
of performance for the activities being
carried out.

Education with matriculation better skill a
university education, preferably in the
engineering or business fields.

•Simplify or modify the operation to reduce
unnecessary work.
•Increase production or productivity
•Setting time standard.
•Reduce cost by most effective usage of inputs.
•Improvement of condition which involve an
element of excessive fatigue or danger.
•Improve Quality.
•Evaluation of human work.

•Land and building.
•Materials(That can be converted into product)
•Energy (power) Electricity, oil, solar power etc.
•Machine and Equipment: (For operational activities,
transport, heating, air, and conditional office
equipment).
•Man power recourse (man power).
People how are tried to perform operational activities.
In Words – Man, Machine, Materials, Money, Method.

To increase company profit.
Savings means to stop the unnecessary things of
the factory is as,
•Manpower: Extra manpower release
•Over time: Extra time reduce
•Maximum utilization of inputs.

•Workers not support.
•Sometimes production staff does not
support.
•Sometime they can say “what you
know”
•Sometime they blame.

.
Work measurement
(time it takes to the
job)
Method study
(better way to do
the job)
Work-study
Higher Productivities

Work plan engineering.
Motion study.
Minimum work plan.
Maximum work plan.

Time study.
GSD
Sew easy.
Capacity study.
Historical data
Analytical Estimating.

Method study is the systematic recording and critical examination of
way of doing things in order make improvements.
•Simply the task.
•Eliminate unnecessary motions.
•Reduced inherent work content.
•Engineering the production

Work measurement is the application of techniques design to establish
the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of
working.
•Measure work content.
•Determine the time.
•Key to scientific measurement

•Set target.
•Calculate efficiency.
•Determine cost.
•Man power allocation.
•Production planning& control.
•Inactive schemes.

•Time study.
-directly observing an operator.
•Pre-determined motion time study system
(pmts).
-analyzing the motion used to carry out the
activity.
•Analysis the past record.
-using previous record studied available in
the factory.

•Select: The job to be studied.
•Record: By collecting data or direct observation.
•Examine: By challenging purpose, place sequence &
methods of work
•Develop: New method drawing on contribution of
those concerned.
•Evaluation: Result of different alternative solution.
•Define: New methods & present it.
•Install: New methods and train person in applying it.
•Maintain: Establish control process.

•Reduce the number of motions.
•Reduce the distances moved.
•Reduce the eye shaft.
•Simplify grasp.
•Toss dispose rather than place dispose.
•Best use of both hands.
•Encourage rhythm.
•Promote natural pasture & movements

•Both hands same time.
•Both hands not be idle.
•Motions of arms simultaneous.
•Continuous curved movements are preferred.
•Eye movements are confined to a comfortable area,
without the need frequent chances of focus.
•Eye-hand co-ordination.
•Order of movements natural of rhythm.
•Hand and body motions lowest classification.

Productivity is ratio of input and output .productivity is
needed to reduce cost of product.
Productivity=
Input
Output

•Definition: SMV is the time taken by a qualified
worker to perform a specified task in a defined level
of performance.
• SMV = Basic time x allowance
•Basic time = Observed time x rating%

•To calculate the individual operator target.
•To calculate the section target.
•For man power allocation.
•For product costing.
•For production planning.
•Evaluate the performance.
•For set the incentive levels.

There are three types of fabric
•Woven
•Knit
•Non woven

•Standard minute value.
•How to calculate SMV?
•What are the methods to calculate SMV?
 Time study
 PMTS(Predetermine motion time study

(No of operator + helper)* working time
X 100
Formula:
SMV X no of good garment

•Excess product variety.
•Lack of standardization.
•Design change.
•Bad planning.
•Lack of fabric & accessories.
•Badly maintained machine.
•Accident.
•Poor service.
•Absence, lateness, laziness.
•Talking
•Carelessness
•Accidents due to carelessness.

Definition of time study: Time study is a
work measurement techniques for
recording the time of performing a certain
specific job or its elements carried out
under specified conditions and for analyzing
the data so as to obtain the time necessary
for an operation to carry out at a define rate
of performance.

•Stand diagonally behind the operator about
1.5-2.0meters.
•Take more than 20 observations.
•Record relevant detailed about the method
and the machine.

•Method study should be done.
•Method study produces the required quality.
•For new methods plenty of time should give to
settle down.
•Operator should be rate between 70%-110%.
•Inform the supervisor before start.
•Operator should not be disturbed during the
study.
•Ensure operator gets enough supply.

•Definite and fixed location.
•Pre position reduces reach.
•Gravity feed.
•Tools and materials, best sequence of
motions.
•Drop deliveries whenever possible.
•Chair height of the work place & comfort.
•Color contrast with that of the work &
reduce eye fatigue.

•Obtaining and recording all the information available
about the job the operative and surrounding condition
which is likely to affect the carrying out the work.
•Recording a complete description of the method
breaking down the operation into elements. (Break
down the elements).
•Examining the detailed breakdown to ensure that the
most effective method of motions is being used and
determining the sample size.

•Measuring with a timing device (stop watch) and
recording the same time taken by the operation to
perform each elements of the operation.
•At the same time assessing the effective speed of the
working of the operator relative to the observes
concept of the rate corresponding to standard rating.
•Convert the observed time to basic times (basic time
calculation).
•Adding necessary allowance to the basic time.
•Determining the standard time for the operation

Rating is the assessment of the workers rate
of working relative to the observer’s concept
of rate corresponding to standard place.

•Standard worker is not available all the
time.
•Different people take different times.
•To compare the observed worker with a
qualified worker.
•To convert the observed time to a time a
qualified worker would likely to take.

•Establish in mind how standard worker should work.
•Compare the effective needs of the observed
worker with standard worker.
In terms of
Skills: The techniques apply to perform the job.
Effort: Expression of the will to work efficiency.

50 : Very slow - not interest
75 : steady –unhurried
100 :brisk –businesses like (standard)
125 : Very fast – above average
150 : Outstanding- unusual

An element is a distinct part of a specified job selected
for convenience of observation measurement and
analysis.

•To give a systematic detailed specialization of
work.
•To identify subsequent omissions or insertions
elements.
•Operation may not work at the same place
throughout the operation.
•To extract the time for certain parts.
•To keep the concentration of the time study
officer.

•Repetitive elements: Repetitive elements are elements which are
occurring every work cycle of an operation.
•Occasional elements: Occasional elements are an element which does not
occur is every work cycle of an operation but which may occur at regular or
irregular intervals.
•Constant element: Constant element is an element for which the basic
time remains constant whenever it is performed.
•Variable elements: Variable elements are elements for which the basic
time varies in relation to some characteristics of the product equipment or
process.

•Machines elements: Machines elements is an elements
performed automatically by any process physical, chemical or
otherwise that once standard cannot be influence by worker
except to determinate it prematurely.
•Governing elements: Governing elements is an elements
occurring a longer time with in a work cycle than that of any
other elements which is being performed.
•Foreign elements: Foreign elements are elements observed
which does not form a part of the operation being studies.

•Easily identifiable beginning and ending (break point).
•As short as can be conveniently timed (between 6.30
sec).
• Re present naturally unified distinct segment of
operation.
•Separate machine and manual elements if possible.
•Elements which do not occur every cycle should be
timed separately before starting a time study.

•Standard Performance is the rate of output which
qualified workers will naturally achieve without over
exertion as an average over the working day or shift.
Provide that they know adhere to the specified
method and provided that they are motivated to
apply themselves to their work.
This performance is denoted as 100 on the standard
rating and performance scales.

•Achieve smooth & consist movements.
•Acquired rhythm.
•Responds more rapidly to signals.
•Anticipates difficulties and more ready to overcome
them.
•Carries out the task without giving the appearance
of conscious attention and there for more relaxed.

•Avoidance of all unnecessary motions.
•Shortest path of movements.
•Sureness of touch and methods.
•Smooth rather than jerky movements.
•Consistently stick to the best methods.
•Consistent cycle time.
•Intelligent anticipation of the next move.

•Lack of rhythm.
•Inconsistency.
•Jerky movements.

A qualified worker is one who has acquired
the skill; knowledge and other attributes t
carry out the work in hand to satisfactory
standards of quality, quantity and safety.

•First approach the supervisor before the operator.
•Always be polite.
•Ask permission to do the work study.
•Stand in fall view of the operator.
•Thanks the operator once the test is completed.
•Make the operator feel relax.

•Flat bed machine
•Raised bed machine
•Cylinder bed machine
•Side bed machine
•Post bed machine

•Thread same or not(color)
•SPI
•Needle type.
•Needle distance.
•Attachment use or not.
•Operator skills.
•Consider for the machine feed.

As per the ISO classification there are mainly 6 stitch
classes-
•Class -100 chain stitch
•Class -200 hand stitch
•Class -300 lock stitch
•Class -400 multithread chain stitch
•Class- 500 over edge chain stitch
•Class -600 covering stitch

Each loop is interconnected with the
following with the same thread. Opposite
side of the seam look different. This stitch
type can be very easily unlocked by running
back from the last stitch to the first. The
seam is generally quite extensible. It is often
used for temporary stitching.

Formed by single threads being passed
completely from one side of the material to
the other. The thread is held by the material
originally made by hand, some of them can
now also be formed by m/c.

Formed by two different thread systems. A needle
thread introduced from one side of the material
is interlaced with and under thread supplied from a
spool from the other side. The stitch is different to
unpick and both side have the same appearance
generally, lock stitch are less extensible then chain
stitch seam. This type finds the widest application. Two
or more thread lock stitch using needle thread and one
bobbin thread.

This also formed two thread systems. The loops of
the needle thread are drawn all the way through
the material and they are interconnected on the
under side by thread supplied from a lopper.Top and
bottom side have a different appearance. The stitch
can easily be unpicked is quite extensible special
applications are elastic cross over seams in knitted
fabric and seam which have to be flat.
Multi thread chain stitch using one or more needle
thread and one or more loopers thread.

Over edge chain stitch are formed from one or more
needle or lopper. Needle thread loops are taken all the
way through the materials and interconnected with
themselves or with other thread. At least one thread
system passes around the edge of the materials. Over
edge chain stitch of various types are used to neaten
and to bund the cut edge woven and to knitted
materials.
Multithread over edge chain stitch using needle thread
and lopper thread.

This stitch types is generally formed from
three thread systems. The over thread lie
on the top surface and are held in place
by the needle threads which in turn are
interlaced on the back of the seam by the
lopper threads. They are used specially
for making flat extensible seam in knit
fabric.

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