El documento describe la evolución del libro desde su origen hasta la actualidad digital, destacando cómo la tecnología e innovaciones como la imprenta, máquinas de fabricar papel e internet han permitido la masificación del conocimiento a través del libro. También analiza cómo los avances tecnológicos influyen en los procesos sociales y cómo el libro se ha adaptado a los cambios, aunque su futuro dependerá de saber aprovechar la tecnología sin perder los valores del pasado.
Документ освещает методические приемы организации сюжетно-ролевых игр в образовательном пространстве дошкольного образования, подчеркивая важность игры как средства формирования личности ребенка. Описываются этапы развития игры, ее виды, а также задачи и приемы, которые педагог может использовать для руководства играми детей. Основное внимание уделяется созданию воображаемой ситуации и поддержанию интереса детей в игровом процессе.
Le marketing digital des marques de mode face aux stratégies des influenceurs...omsrp
?
Le document traite du marketing digital des marques de mode et de l'impact des influenceurs sur leur stratégie, notamment en période de crise. Il explore les dynamiques de communication participative, d'engagement et de la co-création d'image de marque, tout en soulevant des enjeux éthiques liés à la manipulation et à la persuasion. Enfin, il met en avant la nécessité d'une rhétorique participative pour favoriser des échanges sains au sein des communautés en ligne.
The document provides updates from the Vermont Antique Automobile Enthusiasts (VAE) club including:
- Jason Warren, a 14-year-old VAE member, won 3rd place at the club's 58th car show in Stowe with his 1988 Buick Reatta.
- Paul Baresel attended a steam school in Virginia to learn about historical boiler safety and operation of steam traction engines.
- The work that goes into preparing for the VAE's annual car show in Stowe, which involves many volunteers over several days.
Stephen Martin's performance appraisal summarizes his work as a Lifting Supervisor for Weatherford Drilling in South Iraq from 2015. Over the year, he identified and helped resolve numerous lifting non-conformities and safety issues. This included improving equipment certification, developing lifting plans and training programs, and increasing compliance with standards. As a result, Weatherford Drilling rigs achieved the top safety ranking among contractors in the area. Martin's manager gives him a performance rating of "exceeds expectations" and notes he has significantly improved lifting safety.
The document discusses NAIST, the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, where the author graduated from in 2004. NAIST is located in Ikoma, Nara prefecture and was established in 1991. It has no undergraduate program and only offers graduate degrees through its three schools of Bio, Info, and Materials. The author selected NAIST because he wanted to change his major and experience a different culture than his undergraduate university. While there, he studied bioinformatics and enjoyed campus life. Famous professor Yamanaka was there during the author's time as a graduate student.
Marketing se define como el proceso social y administrativo por el cual individuos y grupos satisfacen sus necesidades creando e intercambiando bienes y servicios. También se refiere a una filosofía de dirección que sostiene que la clave para alcanzar los objetivos de una organización es identificar las necesidades del mercado objetivo y adaptarse para ofrecer satisfacciones de forma más eficiente que la competencia. Las estrategias de precio de un producto incluyen lanzarlo al mercado con un precio alto o bajo, reducir precios, y ofrecer
Las grasas vegetales son más fáciles de digerir que las animales debido a que sus enlaces pueden desfragmentarse más fácilmente. Al ser líquidos a temperatura ambiente, las grasas vegetales se transfieren mejor al organismo y cualquier exceso es más fácil de digerir, evitando complicaciones para la salud como el colesterol.
2024 Trend Updates: What Really Works In SEO & Content MarketingSearch Engine Journal
?
The document outlines key SEO and content marketing trends for 2024, emphasizing the impact of AI, the importance of E-E-A-T (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness), and a shift towards user-centric content strategies. It advises against focusing on outdated trends like voice search and stresses the need for creating value-driven, authoritative content. Additionally, it highlights the need to leverage AI as a supportive tool rather than relying solely on it for content creation.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
?
The document outlines a livestream presentation by Chiara Aliotta on integrating storytelling into web design to enhance user experiences. It covers the storytelling process for designers, emphasizing aspects such as understanding the audience, structuring narratives, and creating emotional connections. The presentation also includes case studies and practical examples to demonstrate effective storytelling in UX/UI design.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
How to Leverage AI to Boost Employee Wellness - Lydia Di Francesco - SocialHR...SocialHRCamp
?
The document discusses leveraging AI to enhance employee wellness through data analytics, automating tasks, and personalized wellness apps, emphasizing the shared responsibility of employee well-being between leaders and organizations. It outlines best practices for using AI in wellness strategies, including ensuring data privacy and security, understanding employee needs, and promoting inclusivity. Lydia Di Francesco, a wellness specialist, shares insights to optimize workplace wellness strategy using AI-driven data analytics and encourages collaboration and transparency.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
?
The State of Marketing 2024 report highlights the transformative impact of AI and automation, emphasizing the importance of personalization and engagement to drive growth in a competitive landscape. Marketers are focusing on optimizing budgets, leveraging social media for brand awareness, and utilizing AI tools to enhance efficiency across tasks. Key trends for 2024 include the rise of experiential marketing, content creation that meets user needs, and strengthened connections through personalized customer experiences.
ChatGPT is an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, built on advanced language models to facilitate human-like conversational interactions. Launched in November 2022, it utilizes a transformer architecture to understand and generate text, with applications ranging from content creation to customer service. Despite its capabilities, there are concerns about potential misuse and biases in its responses, which OpenAI aims to mitigate through moderation and user feedback.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
?
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
?
The November 2023 mental health report indicates that 70% of respondents rate their mental health as 'good' or 'excellent,' with higher diagnoses reported among African Americans and non-Hispanic whites compared to Hispanics and Asians. Younger generations, particularly Gen Z and millennials, are more likely to experience mental health challenges, seek information online, and report that their mental health impacts their work and relationships. Half of the respondents feel comfortable discussing their mental health with professionals, although Gen Z shows the least comfort in this area.
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
?
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
?
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
?
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
?
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
The 2024 social media marketing trends report highlights significant shifts influenced by generative AI, including the emergence of personalized content, the rise of virtual influencers, and a stronger focus on user-generated content. Insights were gathered from 33 experts across 23 leading independent agencies, providing a perspective that emphasizes creativity and authenticity in marketing strategies. Key trends also include the blending of B2B and B2C approaches, reflecting changes in consumer behavior and the evolving landscape of social media engagement.
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
?
The document discusses trends in paid search for 2024, highlighting changes in user behavior, the implications for financial services, and privacy challenges. It emphasizes the importance of adapting search strategies, utilizing AI-driven tools like performance max and smart bidding, and leveraging first-party data for better marketing efficacy. Key takeaways include holistic SEO and SEM approaches, monitoring shifting user intents, and the need for continuous performance evaluation.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
?
The document outlines five public speaking tips from Chris Anderson, TED Talks curator, emphasizing the importance of eye contact, vulnerability, humor, humility, and storytelling. These skills are presented as essential for engaging audiences effectively and are increasingly valuable in today's economy. The article posits that mastering these techniques can enhance speakers' ability to communicate ideas powerfully.
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
?
The document provides an overview of generative AI, particularly focusing on ChatGPT and its implications for business and the job market. It discusses the rapid growth of generative AI, its applications in marketing, and the skills needed for the AI era while addressing potential job displacement and the need for adaptation. The agenda includes a Q&A session and emphasizes rethinking work in collaboration with AI technology.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
?
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
The document provides essential tips on how to handle difficult conversations in a workplace setting, emphasizing the importance of preparation, environment, and timing. It highlights that many employees dread such conversations, often leading to avoidance and worsening situations. Ultimately, the guide aims to promote positive outcomes while maintaining professional relationships.
2024 Trend Updates: What Really Works In SEO & Content MarketingSearch Engine Journal
?
The document outlines key SEO and content marketing trends for 2024, emphasizing the impact of AI, the importance of E-E-A-T (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness), and a shift towards user-centric content strategies. It advises against focusing on outdated trends like voice search and stresses the need for creating value-driven, authoritative content. Additionally, it highlights the need to leverage AI as a supportive tool rather than relying solely on it for content creation.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
?
The document outlines a livestream presentation by Chiara Aliotta on integrating storytelling into web design to enhance user experiences. It covers the storytelling process for designers, emphasizing aspects such as understanding the audience, structuring narratives, and creating emotional connections. The presentation also includes case studies and practical examples to demonstrate effective storytelling in UX/UI design.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
How to Leverage AI to Boost Employee Wellness - Lydia Di Francesco - SocialHR...SocialHRCamp
?
The document discusses leveraging AI to enhance employee wellness through data analytics, automating tasks, and personalized wellness apps, emphasizing the shared responsibility of employee well-being between leaders and organizations. It outlines best practices for using AI in wellness strategies, including ensuring data privacy and security, understanding employee needs, and promoting inclusivity. Lydia Di Francesco, a wellness specialist, shares insights to optimize workplace wellness strategy using AI-driven data analytics and encourages collaboration and transparency.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
?
The State of Marketing 2024 report highlights the transformative impact of AI and automation, emphasizing the importance of personalization and engagement to drive growth in a competitive landscape. Marketers are focusing on optimizing budgets, leveraging social media for brand awareness, and utilizing AI tools to enhance efficiency across tasks. Key trends for 2024 include the rise of experiential marketing, content creation that meets user needs, and strengthened connections through personalized customer experiences.
ChatGPT is an AI chatbot developed by OpenAI, built on advanced language models to facilitate human-like conversational interactions. Launched in November 2022, it utilizes a transformer architecture to understand and generate text, with applications ranging from content creation to customer service. Despite its capabilities, there are concerns about potential misuse and biases in its responses, which OpenAI aims to mitigate through moderation and user feedback.
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
?
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
?
The November 2023 mental health report indicates that 70% of respondents rate their mental health as 'good' or 'excellent,' with higher diagnoses reported among African Americans and non-Hispanic whites compared to Hispanics and Asians. Younger generations, particularly Gen Z and millennials, are more likely to experience mental health challenges, seek information online, and report that their mental health impacts their work and relationships. Half of the respondents feel comfortable discussing their mental health with professionals, although Gen Z shows the least comfort in this area.
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
?
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
?
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
?
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
?
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
The 2024 social media marketing trends report highlights significant shifts influenced by generative AI, including the emergence of personalized content, the rise of virtual influencers, and a stronger focus on user-generated content. Insights were gathered from 33 experts across 23 leading independent agencies, providing a perspective that emphasizes creativity and authenticity in marketing strategies. Key trends also include the blending of B2B and B2C approaches, reflecting changes in consumer behavior and the evolving landscape of social media engagement.
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
?
The document discusses trends in paid search for 2024, highlighting changes in user behavior, the implications for financial services, and privacy challenges. It emphasizes the importance of adapting search strategies, utilizing AI-driven tools like performance max and smart bidding, and leveraging first-party data for better marketing efficacy. Key takeaways include holistic SEO and SEM approaches, monitoring shifting user intents, and the need for continuous performance evaluation.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
?
The document outlines five public speaking tips from Chris Anderson, TED Talks curator, emphasizing the importance of eye contact, vulnerability, humor, humility, and storytelling. These skills are presented as essential for engaging audiences effectively and are increasingly valuable in today's economy. The article posits that mastering these techniques can enhance speakers' ability to communicate ideas powerfully.
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
?
The document provides an overview of generative AI, particularly focusing on ChatGPT and its implications for business and the job market. It discusses the rapid growth of generative AI, its applications in marketing, and the skills needed for the AI era while addressing potential job displacement and the need for adaptation. The agenda includes a Q&A session and emphasizes rethinking work in collaboration with AI technology.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
?
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
The document provides essential tips on how to handle difficult conversations in a workplace setting, emphasizing the importance of preparation, environment, and timing. It highlights that many employees dread such conversations, often leading to avoidance and worsening situations. Ultimately, the guide aims to promote positive outcomes while maintaining professional relationships.
1. 地理标志在欧盟葡萄酒市场中的应用
吴君
复旦大学欧洲问题研究中心
摘要:欧盟葡萄酒市场中地理标志保护政策运用较为广泛,对葡萄酒的流动影响较大。本文介绍了地理标
志在法律上的历史发展以及国际条约中的相关规定,探讨了地理标志与欧盟共同市场的关系和葡萄酒地理
标志保护政策的应用,地理标志标准仍然是葡萄酒市场中处于首位的营销策略。
关键词:地理标志 欧盟 共同市场 葡萄酒市场
The Application of GIs in EU Wine Market
Wu Jun
European Study Center in Fudan University
Abstract: Geographical Indications protection play an very important role in European wine market.
In this article, the author introduced the development of it in history, discussed the
relationship between GIs and the Common Market and the application of GIs in EU wine market. It
concluded that GIs is the most important marketing policy in EU wine market.
Key words: Geographical Indications the EU the EU Common Market the Wine Market
一、地理标志的作用
根据WTO《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》 (TRIPS)中的定义:地理标志是指原产于某
一成员国领土上某个地区或某一地点的的产物的鉴别标志; 标志产物的质量、声誉及其他确
1
定的特征主要决定于其原产地 。葡萄酒产物由于受到酿酒葡萄质量的决定性影响,而特定
的地理环境的特点(如气候环境、 土壤条件、地质情况及适合该地区酿酒的葡萄品种等因素)
决定了酿酒葡萄的质量和个性。也就是说,葡萄酒产物会带有浓厚的原产地域特点与个性。
因此,世界各国葡萄酒生产都将地理标志的应用与管理纳入原产地域产物保护的范畴。 欧盟
成员国中,德国、奥地利将原产地命名与质量等级结合使用;西班牙、法国、希腊、意大利、
葡萄牙、罗马尼亚有原产地命名的专门法律,并与质量等级相结合;塞浦路斯、匈牙利、卢
森堡等国家原产地命名葡萄酒需要通过国家商标认可。 从中可以看出,地理标志虽然不是商
标本身,但由于产物蕴含了很多的产区特性,从而地理标志就像产物商标一样,从一定意义
上代表了出产于该地区的产物质量。
地理标志在经济上起到许多作用, 这取决于生产者如何利用这一合法的保护措施以及消
费者如何看待它。简单总结出以下四个作用 2 :
*原产地作用:地球标志指出产物的原产地。
*质量标识: 地理标志代表着某种产物特殊的质量, 或者消费者认为其质量与地理标志
紧密相连。
*投资及广告效应:地理标志就是促销方式之一;因为有地理标志保护政策,投资风险
降低。
*文化保护作用: 地理标志政策要求保留当地传统的产物生产工序、 消费习惯及文化特
1 《地理标志与中国葡萄酒原产地域保护》,唐文龙,调研,2006年第9期
2 Here the simplest categorisation found in William Cornish and David Llewelyn, Intellectual Property: Patents,
Copyright, Trade marks and Allied Rights (2003)587, is used as a starting point for GIs.
2. 性。 3
这些基本的作用成为地理标志保护政策本质和范围的基础。在讨论地球标志保护政策的
合理范围的时候,经常把这些作用作为出发点,并把它作为创建各种合法措施的工具。地理
标志的保护政策只有在起到这些作用时才真正合理。
二、法律上地理标志政策的发展
为了解地理标志的合法保护政策,了解它的演变过程是必不可少的。跟其他知识产权形
式类似,GIs源于国王为了资助战争或其他用途而颁布的垄断特权 4 。第一部对于地理标志保
护的法律颁布于14世纪、15世纪的法国、葡萄牙及意大利托斯卡纳区,主要是为了国家财政
5
。从那时起,简单的地理标志通过立法可以作为保护政策。直到20世纪,法国首先突破了
简单地理标志政策, 建立了全面的地理标志保护政策体系, 对后来的国家立法及国际立法起
到了很大的作用。
1、法国——超越简单地理标志保护的诞生地
法国在1982年就颁布了对于简单地理标志保护的法律, 对那些乱用原产地的生产商给予
6
处罚 。例如在这部法令下,阿尔及利亚的苹果不能被标识是西班牙苹果。但那时并不要求
标注原产地。可如果生产商要说明原产地的话,就必须是真实可靠的。
突破简单的地理标志是在19世纪晚期欧洲遭受葡萄根瘤蚜瘟疫之后。 这场瘟疫使得法国
的葡萄园完全灭绝。之后消费者对葡萄酒的需求急剧增加,生产商的机会随处可得。但是什
么样的葡萄酒才能以特质葡萄酒的名义进行销售是个令人苦恼的问题, 因为有些供给商竟然
随心所欲地扩大了葡萄酒的范畴。 原有的葡萄园由于瘟疫带来了巨大的损失, 而后又面临着
相当高的再植成本, 所以葡萄酒生产商想要得到政府担保, 希望他们的付出最终能在市场上
7
得到收益 。
法国政府应生产者的要求, 在1905年到1911年间确立了相关法律来应付欺诈行为,对某
些地理标志进行界定,如Champagne和Bordeaux。但不幸的是,这些法律并没有阻止质量低
劣的葡萄酒涌入市场,最终葡萄酒价格体系崩溃。这个界定方法也遭到一些供给商的反对,
他们按照原来地理标志政策是属于特质葡萄酒范围内,但新的界定把他们排除在区域之外。
这一措施在保护质量方面并不完善, 并没有规定特质葡萄酒应有的本质标准及味觉要求。 而
新的界定标准在第一次世界大战结束前重新出台, 因为法国急于要求德国承认并尊重他们所
生产的葡萄酒及烈酒的地理标志体系,并要令其包括在凡尔赛条约之内 8 。
1919年颁布的法律是个知识产权集。 在该法律下, 生产商要注册一个地理名称作为原产
地名称(AO)。这个原产地名称是根据产物的地理标志所定,通常由当地行政部门界定。
在行政边界与经济边界对原产地的划分通常不一致的情况下, 按照产物当地的生产实践进行
判断。在解决争端过程中,大多数按照领土标准解决。但生产商也可以要求法院按照特殊标
准进行调节,如一些特殊的葡萄园及葡萄酒制作工序。
3 Tomer Broude, ‘Taking ‘Trade and Culture’ Seriously: Geographical Indications and Cultural Protection in
WTO Law’, (2005) 649 ExpressO Preprin Series, 16; MEMO/03/160, Why do Geographical Indications matter
to us?, 30 July 2003.
4 Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite, Infromation Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (2002) 29.
5 Norbert Olszak, Les Appellations d’origine et indications de provenance (2001) 51
6 Paul Roubier, Le Droit de la Propriété Industrielle, Volume II (1954) 722 and 753.
7 Olszak, supra note 85, at 6; SCT/6/3, Geographical Indications: Historical Background, Nature of
Rights, Existing Systems for Protection and Obtaining Effective Protection in Other Countries, WIPO (2001), 9.
8 Art. 275 of the Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919. See Olszak, supra note 85 at 8; and Stephen P.
Ladas,Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection I-III (1975) 1579.
3. 最终,在1935年出台了针对葡萄酒及烈酒的受约束的原产地名称规定(AOC)。同时
还成立了专家协会,即后来的国家葡萄酒及烈酒原产地名称协会(INAO),来详细说明对
其产物的具体要求。自从那时起,AOC认定受控于政府的监督,而且不再给葡萄酒及烈酒
的生产商新的权力申请AOs。 1955年对奶酪产物创建了类似的体系,1990年扩大到农业产物。
后来,原有AOC法律成为消费者代码的一部分,控制着法国的地理标志体系。
2、国际条约
一国的地理标志保护政策很难解决国外伪劣商品的冲击,因此在19世纪末,直接或间接
地出现了一些多边条约及双边条约来进行地理标志保护。 至今,仍有许多错综复杂的地理标
志国际法律体系。在此选出与欧盟地理标志保护政策相关的四部多边协议和双边协议。
☆ 多边协议
* 巴黎公约(Paris Convention,1883)
1883 年制定了《巴黎公约》。当时是由法国代表负责起草,是在 1824 年法国地理标志
保护政策的基础上完成的。1883 年的原本中提出在存在欺诈目的或仿造地名的情况下,简
单的地理标志无法起到产物识别作用。这个条约在 20 世纪经几次修改,如今其范围已经扩
9
大,有 169 个国家签署了这个协定 。
这个条约的目的是通过产物来源保护简单地理标志。第九款和第十款中要求签署协议
的国家要对那些直接或间接滥用原产地标识的进口产物进行查封。例如, “德国啤酒”就是
直接的原产地标志,“埃菲尔铁塔”可以看作是间接标志。
《巴黎公约》第十款中还禁止使用虚假及误导性的产地标识,来阻止不公平竞争。其
规定,如果其产地标识可能引起公众对产物特性的误解,那么就不得使用这种地理标志。因
为某些产物的生产区域与产物特性之间确实存在紧密联系。例如,如果“Champagne”出现
在西班牙的气泡酒瓶上,会给消费者带来误导,会把这种西班牙气泡酒当作是法国香槟酒,
而其二者的质量和特点却不尽相同。
根据第二十五款规定, 每个签署协定的国家都有责任和义务执行其规定, 但却没有任何
强制措施来保证。《巴黎公约》的许多规定直到 1994 年出台的 TRIPS 中才得以执行。
*马德里协议(Madrid Agreement,1891)
法国和英国渴望对简单地理标志进行更多的保护,在 1886 年对《巴黎公约》进行修改。
这些提议在 1890 年马德里召开的外交协商会上得到肯定,1891 年起草为《马德里协议》。
起初有八个国家签署,现在有 34 个国家 10 。与《巴黎公约》类似,《马德里协议》也几经
修改。
与《巴黎公约》相比,《马德里协议》在以下三个方面增加了管理力度:首先在第一款
中扩大了对简单地理标志的保护; 其次,第三款中禁止在广告及其他商业信息中滥用简单地
理标志,其保护范围不仅涉及到商品还涉及到所有的商业渠道;第三,最重要的是在第四款
中规定, 所有禁止成员国把对于葡萄酒的地区性的地理标志看作普通术语。 葡萄牙曾多次提
出这个建议, 而且范围更广, 这个规定意味着成员国不能宣称其葡萄酒区域性的地理标志 (如
Champagne 或 Madeira)看作一般的地理标志进行保护。
然而这个协议对根除滥用简单地理标志保护并未起到明显的作用。 因为一小部分成员国
仍对规定存有分歧,各国对虚假地理标志的处理也有所不同。
*里斯本协议(Lisbon Agreement,1958)
9 As of 15 April 2006. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Contracting parties
at<www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/index.html>
10 As of 15 April 2006. The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indication of Source of
Goods, Contracting parties at <www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/madrid/index.html>
5. 止的范围。 只有公众不会把产物与原产地联系起来的情况下, 地理相关的词汇可以被注册为
商标。例如, “Greenland”可以作为热带饮品贸易商标来使用,因为不会引起消费者的误解,
他们不会把这种饮品与真正的产地联想起来。
与《里斯本协议》相比,对葡萄酒及烈酒的特殊保护政策是相同的。在第 23 条中有补
充保护规定,扩大了其保护范围:
1、各成员均应为利害关系人提供法律措施,以制止用地理标志去标示并非来源于该标
志所指的地方的葡萄酒或烈酒, 即使在这种场合也同时标出了商品的真正来源地, 即使该地
理标志使用的是翻译文字,或即使伴有“种类”“类型”“风格” 、 、 、“仿制”之类的表达方式,
虽然本协议第四十二条第一句规定了应采用民事程序, 但成员在履行此项义务时, 可以不采
用民事程序而采用行政程序。也均在制止之列。
2、如果某葡萄酒或烈酒的商标中包含有或组合有标示该酒的地理标志,则对于所标示
者并非该酒之来源地的商标,如果域内立法允许,成员应依职权驳回或撤销该商标的注册,
或应根据一方利害关系人的请求,驳回或撤销该商标的注册。
3、如果诸多葡萄酒使用同音字或同形字的地理标志,则保护应及于每一标志。各成员
均应在顾及确保给有关生产者以平等待遇、 而且不误导消费者的情况下, 确定出将有关同音
字或同形字地理标志之间区别开的实际条件。
4、为有利葡萄酒地理标志的保护,应在“与贸易有关的知识产权理事会”中举行谈判,
以建立葡萄酒地理标志通告及注册的多边体系, 使加入该体系的成员在保护地理标志方面可
利用该体系。
与此同时,与其他产物不同的是,在解决葡萄酒和烈酒相关的贸易争端时,公众概念
可以起到决定性作用 13 。
☆双边协议
对地理标志保护的双边协议由来已久,只是协议双方通常只根据各自关心的领域提出
比较具体的保护政策, 而其保护的范围常常并未明确指出。 这就意味着法院有权决定何时地
理标志成为通用术语而丧失其保护作用。例如,在 1910 年葡萄牙与美国签署的双边协议中
规定,“Porto”和“Madeira”在美国受到保护,但因为其范围并未界定清楚,伴有其“种”
“类”的商标引起商业纠纷。
在一战后,双边协议出现了新的形式。在这些协议中,对于地理标志的保护政策取决
于原产地国家的法律。因此,在出口产物的同时,原产地所在国家的法律也一同“出口”到
了进口国。在出现所谓的违法行为时,要向原产地所在国家的相关机构提出诉讼,而不能根
据进口国自己国家的法律进行处理。许多类似的协议出现在欧洲南部国家,如意大利、法国
和西班牙。至今仍有一些协议在双边贸易中起着作用。如在 1921 年芬兰和法国签署的双边
协议中的第 16 条规定,法国的地理标志适用于法国法律。
双边协议至今仍是促进国际地理标志保护的一个有效工具,欧盟是主要的提倡者。欧
盟正在寻求通过双边协议来对TRIPS的规定进行补充,对那些被认为是通常用语的地理标志
进行保护,并要使得地理标志的作用超越商标。例如,在 1994 年欧盟与澳大利亚签署的葡
萄酒协议中 14 ,要求“Champagne”和“Chianti”可以用作地理标志。最近一次的欧盟与美
国的葡萄酒协议中 15 ,要求“Champagne”可以作为地理标志应用 16 。
13 Peter M. Brody, ‘Protection of Geographical Indication in the Wake of TRIPs: Extending United States Laws
and the Administration’s Proposed Legislation’, (1994) 84 Trademark Rep. 520, 534.
14 Arts 8 and 9. See also Des Ryan, ’The Protection of Geographical Indications in Australia under the
EC/Australia Wine Agreement’, (1994) 16 E.I.P.R. 512, 522.
15 Agreement between the European Community and the United States of America on trade in wine, OJ 2006L
87/2.
6. 三、地理标志与欧盟共同市场
欧共体条约 17 的目标就是消除一切不必要的贸易壁垒,在欧共体内部创建共同市场。而
地理标志被看作是某地区产物合法的专利权,这就与共同市场商品的自由贸易理念产生矛
盾。尽管在共同市场建立过程中,采取了许多调节政策,但地理标志仍然被各成员国的法律
所保护并广泛应用。
欧盟主要通过三个方面来调整这一矛盾。首先,欧共体试图统一各国的地理标志法,
而至今进展非常缓慢,仅有非常有限的部分地理标志间接地被统一。其次,欧共体可以采取
超国家层面的欧盟范围内的地理标志政策。 最后, 欧共体在寻求令地理标志商品自由流通相
融的结合点,在欧共体协议的 28 条及 30 条项下做出相应的规定。
1、指令(Directives)
欧盟并没有直接特定的指示来规定地理标志,但地理标志却间接受到保护。如在一些
与保护公平竞争及保护消费者知情权的相关规定中都提到了地理标志保护政策。
在《数量限制指令》 18 (The Quantitative Restrictions Directive)中特别规定禁止采取对
本国产物有利或给予本国产物特权的政策。 根据第二条规定, 对那些与原产地无关的商品仅
界定为本地产物,而不适用于地理标志保护政策。这样一来,就禁止了各成员国内部对本地
产物进行保护的可能。
《1984 年 9 月 10 日欧盟理事会对于误导性广告和比较广告的第 84/450/EEC号指令》19
第三条中规定, 判断广告是否存在误导性要考虑其全部内容及信息是否带有地理性或商业性
的原产地预期。并进一步要求比较广告不能非法利用地理标志的声誉来进行产物促销。
20
《食品商标指令》 采取了更为具体的规定, 几乎包含所可以执行具体标准的所有食品。
在第二条中提到: 商标的使用必须避免误导购买者, 特别是在食品的物质方面, 如天然属性、
特点、成分组合及原产地等等。
商标的立法对保护地理标志也是非常重要的, 因为它在某种程度上保证了那些并未注册
的地理标志也能识别某一商品的出处。 《商标指令》 21 的第三条中指出:含有地理区域相关
标记,或者可能使公众认为其质量或生产区域与其有关的商标,不予注册;即使注册了,也
必须宣告无效。 在第六条中还强调, 如果欧盟之外的生产商在贸易中运用来源地作为质量标
志,而其真实可信,那么欧盟内部的经营商无权阻止其使用这样的商标。
2、条约(Regulations)
为了促进欧盟市场商品的自由流动, 欧盟对农产物创建了许多规定, 并在欧盟范围内采
取了许多对于地理标志方面的政策。主要规定是建立在以下三个方面:
*对农产物及食品的保护;
*对葡萄酒产物的保护;
*对烈酒及酒精饮料的保护。
☆农产物及食品
为了与 WTO 的规定相一致, 欧共体在近来把 1992 年的原产地规则 (Origin Regulation)
做了修改,形成新的原产地规则。而在本质上,与原有的规定相比差异并不大,尽管它确实
16 Art. 6. See also IP/06/294, EU-US Wine Accord Will Help EU Wine Trade with US, 10 March 2006
17 The Treaty Establishing the European Community, OJ 2002 C 325. [Hereinafter ‘EC Treaty’]
18 Directive 70/50/EEC
19 Council Directive 84/450/EEC of 10 September 1984 concerning misleading and comparative
advertising
20 Directive 2000/13/EC
21 Directive 89/104/EEC