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Human sciences 3

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The document discusses four perspectives in psychology: structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and cognitive science. It provides details on structuralism, which analyzed consciousness into components like sensations and images, and its use of introspection. Functionalism is described as focusing on how consciousness helps with efficient functioning, like rapid face recognition. Behaviorism views psychology as the science of measurable behavior and conditioning. It discusses Pavlov's work on conditioning and the concept of operational definitions.

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Psychology I Prof: A. Elhaloui
What do we want to do? We want to discuss how psychology views the human individual from four view points: Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Cognitive science Psychology I Psychology II From p.28 to p.38 (Psychology in the 20 th century, Psychology in the 21th century)
Structuralism The overall objective of the structuralist psychology is to analyze human conscious experience into its fundamental structural components. Edward Titchner (1867 1927) Established the first psychology lab at Cornell University Basic elements: Sensations Images Affective states
The basic element underlying perception The basic element of thought States of pleasantness and unpleasantness sensations images Affective states
Methodology The new psychology was laboratory psychology. The new psychology used the introspection technique. It used precise instruments like the chronoscope to measure the amount of time it took to respond to various stimuli. A self-report procedure called systematic experimental introspection.
The chronoscope is a machine that measures the duration of short-lived events.
Drawbacks of Structuralist Psychology The use of introspection has been criticized as being unreliable. Titchner considered the study of children to be outside the realm of psychology since they were not considered capable of accurate introspection
Check 1 How human mind grows Childrens psychological faculties How consciousness helps individual to act efficiently Components of the mind Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Yeees!
Functionalism Rather than focusing on structure, functional psychology wants to focus on how the human consciousness helps the individual function effectively in the world. Willaim James (1842 1910) The writer of Principle of Psychology (1890) Functions of consciousness Adapting quickly to the environment Solving problems quickly
Example: How do we come to recognize faces? Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently.
Our mind is able to recognize a face even if some parts of it are hidden or distorted. Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently. Functionalism focuses on how the human consciousness helps individuals to do things quickly and efficeintly.
This is why we are able to interpret a caricature!
This is why we are able to interpret a caricature! Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently. Functionalism focuses on how the human consciousness helps individuals to do things quickly and efficiently.
James-Lange theory of emotions Emotions are often accompanied by bodily responses : racing heart, tight stomach, sweaty palms, tense muscles, etc. We can sense what is going on inside our body much the same as we can sense what is going on in the outside world. Fear = blood pressure rises, heart rate increases, pupils dilate, palms sweat, muscles contract in certain ways Fear blood pressure rises, heart rate increases, pupils dilate, palms sweat, muscles contract in certain ways =
Why do we have different emotions? According to W. James, emotions feel different from other states of mind because they have these bodily responses that give rise to internal sensations, and different emotions feel different from one another because they are accompanied by different bodily responses and sensations.
Check 2 A nasty joke about a functionalist Explain how this joke makes fun of functionalism. A functionalist was making love with his wife. When they finished he asked her: You seemed to enjoy it; did I?!
Behaviorism Psychology ought to be the science of measurable behavior. Its goal is to understand the relation between environmental stimulus and the resulting responses. Established the psychological school of behaviorism Two key concepts conditioning operationism John Broadus Watson (1878 1956)
Pavlov1849-1936 Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. 1- Conditioning
Stimulus Response Conditioning Stimuli
Pavlov observed that, rather than simply salivating in the presence of meat, dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them. Stimulus = meat Response = salivating From this observation he predicted that, if a particular stimulus in the dogs surroundings were present when the dog was presented with meat, then this stimulus would become associated with food and cause salivation on its own. Neutral stimulus: technician Significant stimulus: meat Conditioned stimulus: technician Conditioning: when a neutral stimilus becomes significant.
2- Operationisms An operational definition: defining a phenomenon which is not directly observable in terms of something directly observable.
Non-hungry rats will not work hard to get to the goal box with food in it. Hunger is NOT a directly observable phenomenon Hunger in rats: 24 hours without food Observable, measurable Operational definition of food
Check 3

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Human sciences 3

  • 1. Psychology I Prof: A. Elhaloui
  • 2. What do we want to do? We want to discuss how psychology views the human individual from four view points: Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Cognitive science Psychology I Psychology II From p.28 to p.38 (Psychology in the 20 th century, Psychology in the 21th century)
  • 3. Structuralism The overall objective of the structuralist psychology is to analyze human conscious experience into its fundamental structural components. Edward Titchner (1867 1927) Established the first psychology lab at Cornell University Basic elements: Sensations Images Affective states
  • 4. The basic element underlying perception The basic element of thought States of pleasantness and unpleasantness sensations images Affective states
  • 5. Methodology The new psychology was laboratory psychology. The new psychology used the introspection technique. It used precise instruments like the chronoscope to measure the amount of time it took to respond to various stimuli. A self-report procedure called systematic experimental introspection.
  • 6. The chronoscope is a machine that measures the duration of short-lived events.
  • 7. Drawbacks of Structuralist Psychology The use of introspection has been criticized as being unreliable. Titchner considered the study of children to be outside the realm of psychology since they were not considered capable of accurate introspection
  • 8. Check 1 How human mind grows Childrens psychological faculties How consciousness helps individual to act efficiently Components of the mind Nooo! Nooo! Nooo! Yeees!
  • 9. Functionalism Rather than focusing on structure, functional psychology wants to focus on how the human consciousness helps the individual function effectively in the world. Willaim James (1842 1910) The writer of Principle of Psychology (1890) Functions of consciousness Adapting quickly to the environment Solving problems quickly
  • 10. Example: How do we come to recognize faces? Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently.
  • 11. Our mind is able to recognize a face even if some parts of it are hidden or distorted. Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently. Functionalism focuses on how the human consciousness helps individuals to do things quickly and efficeintly.
  • 12. This is why we are able to interpret a caricature!
  • 13. This is why we are able to interpret a caricature! Recognizing a face is a very complicated process but humans tend to do it quickly and efficiently. Functionalism focuses on how the human consciousness helps individuals to do things quickly and efficiently.
  • 14. James-Lange theory of emotions Emotions are often accompanied by bodily responses : racing heart, tight stomach, sweaty palms, tense muscles, etc. We can sense what is going on inside our body much the same as we can sense what is going on in the outside world. Fear = blood pressure rises, heart rate increases, pupils dilate, palms sweat, muscles contract in certain ways Fear blood pressure rises, heart rate increases, pupils dilate, palms sweat, muscles contract in certain ways =
  • 15. Why do we have different emotions? According to W. James, emotions feel different from other states of mind because they have these bodily responses that give rise to internal sensations, and different emotions feel different from one another because they are accompanied by different bodily responses and sensations.
  • 16. Check 2 A nasty joke about a functionalist Explain how this joke makes fun of functionalism. A functionalist was making love with his wife. When they finished he asked her: You seemed to enjoy it; did I?!
  • 17. Behaviorism Psychology ought to be the science of measurable behavior. Its goal is to understand the relation between environmental stimulus and the resulting responses. Established the psychological school of behaviorism Two key concepts conditioning operationism John Broadus Watson (1878 1956)
  • 18. Pavlov1849-1936 Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. 1- Conditioning
  • 19. Stimulus Response Conditioning Stimuli
  • 20. Pavlov observed that, rather than simply salivating in the presence of meat, dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them. Stimulus = meat Response = salivating From this observation he predicted that, if a particular stimulus in the dogs surroundings were present when the dog was presented with meat, then this stimulus would become associated with food and cause salivation on its own. Neutral stimulus: technician Significant stimulus: meat Conditioned stimulus: technician Conditioning: when a neutral stimilus becomes significant.
  • 21. 2- Operationisms An operational definition: defining a phenomenon which is not directly observable in terms of something directly observable.
  • 22. Non-hungry rats will not work hard to get to the goal box with food in it. Hunger is NOT a directly observable phenomenon Hunger in rats: 24 hours without food Observable, measurable Operational definition of food