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- 2. DEFINITIONS What is Plagiarism? What is Copyright? What is common knowledge ? What is a Citation?
- 3. PLAGIARISM DEFINED: The word plagiarism comes from the Latin plagiarus meaning kidnapper
- 4. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (http://www.m-w.com), to plagiarize means: to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward. www.plagiarism.org
- 5. Copyright A law protecting the intellectual property of individuals, giving them exclusive rights over the distribution and reproduction of that material.
- 7. FROM UNIZULU PLAGIARISM POLICY: (o) In matters involving students, the Tribunal may: i) Exclude a student from UNIZULU, either permanently or for a specific period; provided that if permanent exclusion is considered to be the appropriate sanction, the matter must be referred to the Vice-Chancellor for confirmation. (ii) Withdraw a students Duly Performed certificate (iii) Reduce the mark awarded to a student, or award a mark of zero (iv) Order that a student should redo the work to the satisfaction of the Head of Department and/or lecturer (v) Issue a written warning to a student (vi) Impose any other appropriate sanction or a combination of the above sanctions
- 12. Intentional Copying a friends work Buying or borrowing papers Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting Media borrowingwithout documentation Web publishing without permissions of creators Unintentional Careless paraphrasing Poor documentation Quoting excessively Failure to use your own voice TWO MAIN GROUPS OF PLAGIARISM
- 13. EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias and any web site without citing properly Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another students or your parents work and claiming it as your own even with permission Using your own work without properly citing it!
- 14. MORE EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it Citing sources you didnt use Getting a research paper, story, poem, or article off the Internet Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)
- 15. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit your own learning. The consequences are not worth the risks! It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use (fair use of information) Citing gives authority to the information you present Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source Cheating is unethical behavior
- 16. POPULAR EXCUSES Its okay if I dont get caught! I was too busy to write that paper! (!) My Lecturer will not know it is not My work I did not Know it is wrong! My lecturer Does not like Me and Makes Life difficult This assignment was BORING! Everyone does it!
- 17. HOW WILL I BE CAUGHT ? My lecturer knows his/ her field of study The lecturer notices when assignments are similar Anti-plagiarism tools will tell if I plagiarised: such a web search, or better still the application of anti-plagiarism software
- 18. WHAT SHOULD I DO? Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.
- 19. HOW SHOULD I DO IT ? Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing To blend source materials in with your own, making sure your own voice is heard.
- 20. QUOTING Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must be cited! If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should: enclose this in quotation marks give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. Example: "Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67).
- 21. Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance. QUOTATION OF MORE THAN 40 WORDS A COLON: FOLLOWS THE STATEMENT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING A LONG QUOTATION (BLOCK QUOTATION
- 22. PARAPHRASING When you paraphrase from a source, you restate the source's ideas in your own words. You may paraphrase a quote or short paragraph from a source, making it more meaningful within the context of your work. Why do it? You are demonstrating that you have understood what you have read, and the relevance of those ideas to your essay, assignment or research. Example: Original: For the times when silk stocking were not be had "for love or money," women had to make do. Paraphrase: As Kirkham (2005, p. 221) points out, during the War there were times when silk stockings could not be obtained by any means and so women were forced to find alternatives.
- 23. SUMMARIZING Summarising involves repeating the main ideas of a passage in your own words. A summary concentrates on the important points rather than the details. Example: Stanley Milgram (1974) reports that ordinarily compassionate people will be cruel to each other if they are commanded to be by an authority figure. In his experiment, a group of participants were asked to administer electric shocks to people who made errors on a simple test. In spite of signs that those receiving shock were experiencing great physical pain, 25 of 40 subjects continued to administer electric shocks. This is a summary of Stanley Milgram's 1974 essay, "The Perils of Obedience. It provides a brief overview of Milgram's 12-page essay
- 24. WHAT IS A CITATION What is citation? A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company that published the source the date of publishing the page numbers of the material
- 25. Why should I cite sources? Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources: citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas citing sources shows the amount of research you've done citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas
- 26. CITATIONS IN TEXT Definition Citations in text identify the source of quotations or a personal communication used in research like this (authors last name, publication date, and page number). 1 2 3 Purpose 1. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, the source must be credited. 2. Citations enable the reader to locate the source of the quotation in References.
- 27. Format 1.Citations are included in the same sentence or paragraph as the quotation. 2.The sentence and the citation together must provide the authors last name, the publication date and the page(s) from which the quotation was taken
- 28. CITATION EXAMPLE 1 He states, anything takes on a new meaning when we think of it as a monument (Boorstin, 1987, p. 215) and adds that monuments can be both man-made and natural. Note punctuation
- 29. CITATION EXAMPLE 2 Johnston and Cutchins (1988) state that life is hard for animal babies of all kinds, but for young reptiles, surviving their first year is especially difficult (p. 36). To put two authors in the brackets (Johnston & Cutchins, 1988, p. 36) For more than 3 authors, you may use the Latin phrase et al which means and the rest (Abrams, et al, 1999, p. 345)
- 30. SECONDARY REFERENCES (HARVARD) If you are reading a source by one author (McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE. A study by Wing, Lee and Chen (1994 cited by McKechnie, 1998) discussed sleep paralysis in the Chinese OR McKechnie (1998) cites the work of Wing, Lee and Chen (1994) which looks at sleep paralysis in the Chinese population. Reference List Example McKechnie, J. (1998) Incidence and diagnosis of sleep paralysis. Nursing Times 94(22): pp.50-51
- 31. COMMON KNOWLEDGE Information that is readily available from a number of sources or so well-known that its sources do not have to be cited. The fact that carrots are a source of Vitamin A is common knowledge, and you could include this information in your work without attributing it to a source. However, any information regarding the effects of Vitamin A on the human body are likely to be the products of original research and would have to be cited. www.plagiarism.org Facts that are widely known, or Information or judgments considered common knowledge Do NOT have to be documented. Hooray for common knowledge!
- 32. FOR MORE INFORMATION: Plagiarism Sites, English Department, Jacksonville State University, Alabama, http://www.jsu.edu/depart/english/treed/plagiarism.html. A compiled list of sites dealing with plagiarism. Plagiarism in the News, Bridgewater College Online Writing Lab, Bridgewater, Virginia, http://www.bridgewater.edu/WritingCenter/Workshops/PlagiarismCases.htm. A discussion of recent legal cases involving plagiarism. This presentation has been prepared by Joyce A. Brannan, Julia Tutwiler Library, University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama, 35470. 2004. What is Plagiarism? Georgetown University. http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html. Covers many aspects of plagiarism in an often humorous manner.
- 34. FROM YOUR UNIZULU INFORMATION LIBRARIAN THANK YOU AND ALL THE BEST