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103/03/25
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W
ʲNǡW
WĶx
W͸^򞡹ɳ־ԵО׃
ˌWʲNҲWʲN
KеО׃njW
? rB
? ƣڡwˎ
? mȻɶڵО׃ֻҪϢ
͕؏
?  (Maturation)
? mȻLڵО׃@Щ׃KҪ͸^
ڴ̼ӵĽ۷e
Wΰl
? T (Habituation)
? һ̼}Fᣬ@̼ķ
ʧ
? óÁTP񽛻W
? A funny example
Wΰl
? л (Sensitization)
? һ̼}FΣ@̼жȕ

? лҲ±ƼsߌƼs̼Ҳ؄e
? ΅^桸T͡л
? 䌍Tлǹͬaģ^쵽ǃ
߿ĽY
һֵČWcBYP
? Оx (Behaviorism)
? John B. Watson
? Tabula rasa (Latin, blank state)
? ȫȻo֪ģ֪RĽ
هеийٽ򞡣
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring them up in and I'll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might select C doctor,
lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man
and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities,
? ŵƼs (Classical conditioning)
? Pavlov conditioning
? Pavlov
? Ƽs (Operant conditioning)
? Or instrumental conditioning
? B. F. Skinner
һֵČWc“YP
ŵƼs
Classical conditioning
Pavlov conditioning
PavlovĽ䌍
? PavlovһֱԁоϵyоF꠰lF
mȻҺͨڳԖ|^вŕڣ
õĹЕrڿϵ͕_ʼҺ
? һBČ
PavlovA
? һA
? _JA̼lBC̼lB
? x
? A̼Ƽs̼(unconditioned stimulus, US)
? BƼs(unconditioned response, UR)
? C̼Դ̼(neutral stimuli)
PavlovA
? ڶA
? Դ̼ͷƼs̼“Y˕rԴ̼׃
Ƽs̼(conditioned stimulus, CS)
PavlovA
? A
? ڶA}ᣬΪʬFƼs̼Ҳ
@QƼs (conditioned response,
CR)
pһ
KUSOŵƼs
Ivan Pavlov
XU
йŵƼs
? n푾_ʼ@XI
? TC܇ˤ܇ᣬֻҪ^ͬһ͕p
?  ڵ•ҪС
? ÷ֹʡ|
?
0520ѧϰ
0520ѧϰ
0520ѧϰ
Ƽsһֱچ᣿
? ƼsО鱻ᣬCSһֱΪFt
ɽ^E(extinction)ĬF ? 䳧
Ƽsһֱچ᣿
? ǽ^һΕrgCSt֕lCRQ
؏(Spontaneous recovery)
ƼsОF
? Watsons Little Albert Experiment
? һA:
С냺(CS)пֵ֑ķ 
(US)пֵ֑ķ(UR)
? ڶA:
С냺 
? A:
С냺aֵ֑ķ(CR)
? _Little AlbertǷ߀ǿпֵ֑
?Research ethical issue
? ֑֢ (Phobia)
? ˎEáˎa (Drug addiction)
? (CS)ʹöƷ(US)ĸX(UR)γ
“Yֻ֮ҪCSھ͕CR
?     r  w Ҳ  a  һ   s a   
(conditioned compensatory response)푪r
URwӰ푡һµĭh
@a^
ƼsОF
ǷеĴ̼܉Ƽs
? ՓǵģHρK
? Ԝʂ(Biological preparedness)
? Щ̼ͱ^ױƼsһؓĈD
Ƭ^׺늓(US)“Y׌ˮaЩ
(磺ð,UR)
? ʂ(Contrapreparedness)Щ̼]k
ضUS“Y
ƼslЧ
1. ̼Ż(Stimulus generalization)
? cCSƵĴ̼ҲlCR
? 磺Little AlbertɫҲ_ʼ[
ƼslЧ
2. ̼Re(Stimulus discrimination)
? ð䳧뱫Ĺ؂S䳧Ĵ̼
ƼslЧ
3. Ƽs(Second-order conditioning)
? ԭCSһµUS䌦γµƼsQ֮
? \ڏV?˴
Ƽs
Operant conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
Оγɵı
? ThorndikeЧ (Law of effect)
? ЧɣB. F. SkinnerJОıFQc@
ОPĪK@뷨֮Ϙ˲Ƽs
Փ
? Rat pressing the lever
? Pigeon turning
Оγɵı
? Skinner Box
0520ѧϰ
? (Reinforcement)
ƼsĻԭ
?Ƽs^УЙCwО鷴ʹh
FijN@ЙCwϲgģtЙC
wԓęCӶγƼs
?ЙCwƼs@̼|Q
(reinforcer)
?(positive reinforcement, PR)
v.s.
ؓ(negative reinforcement, NR)
? P(Punishment)
ƼsĻԭ
?ijО֮o費Ĵ̼߄Z
Ĵ̼ОlĿԡ
?P(positive punishment, PP)
v.s.
ؓP(negative punishment, NP)
Оγɵı
ˆ?
?XUԇ^PR, NR, PP, NP
1. ώfȫпijɿܲe԰ĩ
ȡ
2. ijɿ̫ԪWȡ
3. ώfĕ挑úܺ
4. ώ㿼ԇװ㮔
5. ŮѲҪH㣬ζ

Shaping
? òƼsķʽО
˼
yWȫȻӶܭhƵĆ?
WՓ
Social learning theory
lӌWĝ|
? Albert Bandura and the bobo doll study
? Bobo doll study
? ɽMWgǰͯ
? һM^ˌBobo dollʩ豩ОӰƬ
? һM^ƽ͵غBobo dollӰƬ
lӌWĝ|
?@ȺScBobo doll̎rM
ƽMЃɱĿ܌Bobo dollʩչО
? ^W(Observational learning):
?ܶČWǰl}j(social context)
?ҪֱӵĪͣW͸^^졢ģ®a
?ֿɷQ^W(observational learning)
W(vicarious learning)
lӌWĝ|
? ^WĂA:
? עA(Attention phase)
? A(Retention phase)
? aA(Reproduction phase)
? әCA(Motivation phase)
lӌWĝ|
? ^e˵ķW
? ^@?״ͬW^У@ijһ
係ǿ첽xȥԼҲĪرM⿿
Y
? ԏġ fú£^
e˵О顣
? Demo
lӌWĝ|
? J܏^WµČ
? һȺڌLīJ
v.s.
һȺҰīJ
? ԭߵĕrڌ
LīJһcҲе£
ʮֺ档
? ڿҰJߵĿ֑
ԼҾܽ^ӽߵe
ᣬڌL@ЩJ
ҲҲӿˡ
lӌWĝ|
? ģ(Modeling):
?w^Wrᘌ龳ijĿ
(Model)ОWĚv̡
?ģKǡ}^̣ǽ^{ġ
lӌWĝ|
? N͵ģО:
? ֱģ£Direct modeling
? Cģ£Synthesized modeling ȡ
? ģ£Symbolic modeling 
? ģ£Abstract modeling ┵WҎt
lӌWĝ|
? ^ģ¿Ӱһ˵О飺
1. Fletcher et al. (2000) lF꼉ʮ꼉ӵĸ
ĸc^^ӣtҲc^ࡣ
2. Sargent et al. (2001) lF915qĺ^
韟ӰƬtԼҲ^܇Lԇ韟
3. ᘌ꼉WͯMоٿҕӰ 
ăͯ^wZԵĹО顣
4. Forge & Phemister (1987) оlFDZġ˵
ӰƬҲġ˵О顣
lӌWĝ|
? SضģŒWЧ
? Ͷע^עMȥ
? Model njҡˣλ
? ^О
lӌWĝ|
? ģŒWǺܿٵ
? ýwnСU
? õӰ
? ̫cPă
? Ŀеʩߴ]ܵP
? Ŀеܺߛ]бFʹ
? õӰ
? ֪ˇ
lӌWĝ|
? ԪQՓ(Triadic reciprocal determinism):
lӌWĝ|
MVW
? Baby Dancing to Beyonce- Single Ladies
NČW
?J֪W
?DW
? ҲܘJ֪؈D(cognitive map)
? Olton & Samulson(1976)׌ܰצԌm
Ԍmǰ˂ͨͨıM^ʂ
ʳҪW_^ͨóԵȫʳ

? ƽx7.9ΣИJ֪؈D

J֪W(Cognitive learning)
ʱ
һPėlֱBYc?
Л]ͬWҪLԇ?
\ô˷gƷ
ɗlKY
Л]ͬW뷨?
DW
? DͻȻgһ}Ľ
? D֮ǰ֮ԕסoҵ
𰸣҂}ı^춡

? DQ(Changing representation)
ʹ҂D
DW
? K?hler (1925/1956) Ժ
MһϵнČ
򞣬KԄDО
ܵC
? ɽ^෽LԇᣬK
춉|õڸ
̎㽶
?KǙCеĽY
D(insight)
?ڽQ}rKäĿ
yԇǿij
ӣ_ijЧ
|ߣԼ֮gPS
Լõ㽶
Єӡ
THE END

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