10. Levels of Processing Model of Memory
? Craik & Lockhart (1972)
? Different ways to process information lead to
different strengths of memories
? Deep processing leads to better memory
? Elaborating according to meaning
?Shallow processing emphasizes the
physical features of the stimulus
? The memory trace is fragile and quickly decays
? Distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and
elaborative rehearsal
11. Support for Levels of Processing
? Craik & Tulving (1975)
? Participants studied a list in three different
ways
? Structural: Is the word in capital letters?
? Phonemic: Does the word rhyme with dog?
? Semantic: Does the word fit in this sentence?
“The ______ is delicious.”
? A recognition test was given to see which
type of processing led to the best memory
12. Craik & Tulving (1975) Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Yes No
Sentence Type
Recognized
Case
Rhyme
Sentence
13. ? Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977)
? Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory
Self-Reference Effect
Capital Rhymes Means the Describes
letters? with? same as? you?
14. Criticisms of LOP Model
?Circular definition of levels
?Transfer appropriate processing effect
? Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)
? Two processing tasks: semantic vs. rhyme
? Two types of tests: standard yes/no recognition vs. rhyme
test
? Memory performance also depends on the match between
encoding processes and type of test
Encoding Task Recognition Rhyme
Semantic 0.83 0.31
Rhyme 0.62 0.49
23. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Tasks
? Explicit memory tasks
? Involve conscious recollection
? Participants know they are trying to retrieve
information from memory
? Implicit memory tasks
? Require participants to complete a task
? The completion of the task indirectly
indicates memory
24. Implicit Memory Tasks
Participants are
exposed to a word list
Tiger
Lion
Zebra
Panda
Leopard
Elephant
After a delay…
Participants then complete
word puzzles; they are not
aware this is a type of
memory test
Word fragment completion:
C_E_TA_
E_E_ _A_ N_
_ E _ R A
Word stem completion:
Mon _____
Pan_____
39. Short-Term Memory
? Attention
? Attend to information
in the sensory store,
it moves to STM
? Rehearsal
? Repeat the
information to keep
maintained in STM
? Retrieval
? Access memory in
LTM and place in
STM
Short-Term
Memory
(STM)
Attention
Storage &
Retrieval
Rehearsal
46. Bower, Clark, Lesgold, and Winzenz
(1969)
Randomized list:
Naples World Italy Americas
Montreal Bristol Washington Ottawa
Orlando England Europe Dallas
Liverpool Winnipeg Rome USA
London Florence Canada
Organized list: World
Europe Americas
England Italy USA Canada
London Rome Washington Ottawa
Liverpool Florence Dallas Montreal
Bristol Naples Orlando Winnipeg
50. Working Memory Model
? Phonological Loop
? Used to maintain information for a short time
and for acoustic rehearsal
? Visuo-spatial sketch pad
? Used for maintaining and processing visuo-
spatial information
? Episodic buffer
? Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding
an integrated episode between systems using
different codes
51. Working Memory Model
? Central executive
? Focuses attention on relevant items and inhibits
irrelevant ones
? Plans sequence of tasks to accomplish goals,
schedules processes in complex tasks, often switches
attention between different parts
? Updates and checks content to determine next step in
sequence
63. Process-Dissociations in Memory
? Single dissociations
? Single variable affects one expression of memory,
explicit or implicit, but not the other
? Double dissociations
? Single variable has opposite effects on explicit and
implicit memory
? Demonstrate that two processes are mediated by separate
brain systems
64. Amnesia Studies
? Study anterograde amnesiacs using
implicit and explicit memory tests
? Amnesiacs show normal priming
(implicit), but poor recognition
memory (explicit)
? They did not remember having seen
the word list, but completed the word
fragments at the same rate as
normals
65. Alzheimer’s Disease
? Leads to memory loss and dementia in
older population
? Over the age of 65 are labeled “late
onset”
? “Early onset” is rare but can affect those
in their mid 30s and in middle age
66. ? Atrophy of the cortical tissue
– Alzheimer’s brains shows abnormal fibers that
appear to be tangles of brain tissue and senile
plaques (patches of degenerative nerve endings)
– The resulting damage of these conditions may
lead to disruption of impulses in neurons
Alzheimer’s Disease and the
Brain
67. Alzheimer’s Disease
? Symptoms (gradual, continuous, and
irreversible)
? Memory loss
? Problems doing familiar tasks
? Problems with language
? Trouble knowing the time, date, or place
? Poor or decreased judgment
? Problems with abstract thinking
? Misplacing things often, such as keys
? Changes in mood, behavior, and personality
? These symptoms could be an early sign of
Alzheimer’s when it affects daily life
