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PHP Workshop ‹#›
PHP Classes
and
Object Orientation

Reminder… a function
• Reusable piece of code.
• Has its own ‘local scope’.
function my_func($arg1,$arg2) {
<< function statements >>
}

Conceptually, what does a
function represent?
…give the function something (arguments), it does
something with them, and then returns a result…
Action or Method

What is a class?
Conceptually, a class represents an
object, with associated methods
and variables

Class Definition
<?php
class dog {
public $name;
public function bark() {
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
An example class
definition for a dog.
The dog object has a
single attribute, the
name, and can
perform the action of
barking.

Class Definition
<?php
class dog {
public $name;
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
class dog {
Define the name
of the class.

Class Definition
<?php
class dog {
var $name
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
public $name;
Define an object
attribute (variable),
the dog’s name.

Class Definition
<?php
class dog {
public $name;
function bark() {
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
Define an
object action
(function), the
dog’s bark.

Class Definition
<?php
class dog {
public $name;
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
}
End the class
definition

Class Defintion
Similar to defining a function..
The definition does not do anything by
itself. It is a blueprint, or description, of an
object. To do something, you need to use
the class…

Class Usage
<?php
require(‘dog.class.php’);
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->name = ‘Rover’;
echo “{$puppy->name} says ”;
$puppy->bark();
?>

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
Include the class
definition

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
$puppy = new dog();
Create a new
instance of the
class.

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
Set the name
variable of this
instance to
‘Rover’.

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
Use the name
variable of this
instance in an
echo statement..

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
$puppy->bark();
Use the dog
object bark
method.

Class Usage
<?php
$puppy = new dog();
$puppy->bark();
?>
[example file: classes1.php]

One dollar and one only…
The most common mistake is to use more
than one dollar sign when accessing
variables. The following means something
entirely different..
$puppy->$name = ‘Rover’;

Using attributes within the class..
• If you need to use the class variables
within any class actions, use the special
variable $this in the definition:
class dog {
public $name;
echo $this->name.‘ says Woof!’;
}
}

Constructor methods
• A constructor method is a function that is
automatically executed when the class is
first instantiated.
• Create a constructor by including a
function within the class definition with the
__construct name.
• Remember.. if the constructor requires
arguments, they must be passed when it is
instantiated!

Constructor Example
<?php
class dog {
public $name;
public function __construct($nametext) {
$this->name = $nametext;
}
echo ‘Woof!’;
}
}
?>
Constructor function

Constructor Example
<?php
…
$puppy = new dog(‘Rover’);
…
?> Constructor arguments
are passed during the
instantiation of the object.

Class Scope
• Like functions, each instantiated object
has its own local scope.
e.g. if 2 different dog objects are
instantiated, $puppy1 and $puppy2, the
two dog names $puppy1->name and
$puppy2->name are entirely
independent..

Inheritance
• The real power of using classes is the
property of inheritance – creating a
hierarchy of interlinked classes.
dog
poodle alsatian
parent
children

Inheritance
• The child classes ‘inherit’ all the methods
and variables of the parent class, and can
add extra ones of their own.
e.g. the child classes poodle inherits the
variable ‘name’ and method ‘bark’ from the
dog class, and can add extra ones…

Inheritance example
The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes three sizes of poodle - Standard,
Miniature, and Toy…
class poodle extends dog {
public $type;
public function set_type($height) {
if ($height<10) {
$this->type = ‘Toy’;
} elseif ($height>15) {
$this->type = ‘Standard’;
} else {
$this->type = ‘Miniature’;
}
}
}

Inheritance example
The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognizes three sizes of poodle - Standard,
Miniature, and Toy…
public $type
public function set_type($height) {
if ($height<10) {
$this->type = ‘Toy’;
} elseif ($height>15) {
$this->type = ‘Standard’;
} else {
$this->type = ‘Miniature’;
}
}
}
Note the use of the
extends keyword to
indicate that the
poodle class is a child
of the dog class…

Inheritance example
…
$puppy = new poodle(‘Oscar’);
$puppy->set_type(12); // 12 inches high!
echo “Poodle is called {$puppy->name}, ”;
echo “of type {$puppy->type}, saying “;
echo $puppy->bark();
…

…a poodle will always ‘Yip!’
• It is possible to over-ride a parent method with a new
method if it is given the same name in the child class..
…
echo ‘Yip!’;
}
…
}

Child Constructors?
• If the child class possesses a constructor
function, it is executed and any parent
constructor is ignored.
• If the child class does not have a constructor, the
parent’s constructor is executed.
• If the child and parent does not have a
constructor, the grandparent constructor is
attempted…
• … etc.

Objects within Objects
• It is perfectly possible to include objects within another
object..
class dogtag {
public $words;
}
class dog {
public $name;
public $tag;
echo "Woof!n";
}
}
…
$puppy = new dog;
$puppy->name = “Rover";
$poppy->tag = new dogtag;
$poppy->tag->words = “blah”;
…

Deleting objects
• So far our objects have not been
destroyed till the end of our scripts..
• Like variables, it is possible to explicitly
destroy an object using the unset()
function.

A copy, or not a copy..
• Entire objects can be passed as
arguments to functions, and can use all
methods/variables within the function.
• Remember however.. like functions the
object is COPIED when passed as an
argument unless you specify the argument
as a reference variable &$variable

Why Object Orientate?
Reason 1
Once you have your head round the concept of
objects, intuitively named object orientated code
becomes easy to understand.
e.g.
$order->display_basket();
$user->card[2]->pay($order);
$order->display_status();

Reason 2
Existing code becomes easier to maintain.
e.g. If you want to extend the capability of a
piece of code, you can merely edit the
class definitions…

Reason 3
New code becomes much quicker to write
once you have a suitable class library.
e.g. Need a new object..? Usually can
extend an existing object. A lot of high
quality code is distributed as classes (e.g.
http://pear.php.net).

There is a lot more…
• We have really only touched the edge of
object orientated programming…
http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop.php
• … but I don’t want to confuse you too
much!

PHP4 vs. PHP5
• OOP purists will tell you that the object
support in PHP4 is sketchy. They are right,
in that a lot of features are missing.
• PHP5 OOP system has had a big redesign
and is much better.
…but it is worth it to produce OOP
code in either PHP4 or PHP5…

PHP Data Object (PDO)

What is PDO?
• PDO is a PHP extension to formalise
PHP's database connections by creating a
uniform interface. This allows developers
to create code which is portable across
many databases and platforms.
• PDO is not just another abstraction layer
like PEAR DB or ADOdb.

Why use PDO?
• Portability
• Performance
• Power
• Easy
• Runtime Extensible

What databases does it support?
• Microsoft SQL Server / Sybase
• Firebird / Interbase
• DB2 / INFORMIX (IBM)
• MySQL
• OCI (Oracle Call Interface)
• ODBC
• PostgreSQL
• SQLite

DSNs
• In general
drivername:<driver-specific-stuff>
• mysql:host=name;dbname=dbname
• odbc:odbc_dsn
• oci:dbname=dbname;charset=charset
• sqlite:/path/to/db/file
• sqlite::memory:

Connect to MySQL

Connect to SQLite (file)

Connect to SQLite (memory)

Connect to Oracle

Connect to ODBC

Close a Database Connection

Persistent PDO Connection
• Connection stays alive between
requests
$dbh = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass,
array(
PDO_ATTR_PERSISTENT => true
)
);

PDO Query (INSERT)

PDO Query (UPDATE)

PDO Query (SELECT)

Error Handling (1)

Error Handling (2)

Error Handling (3)

Error Handling (4)

Prepared statements

Transactions

Get Last Insert Id

Benchmark
MySQL SELECT Benchmark Results, 1000 Requests
Library Concurrency Total Time Requests/Sec. Speedup
ADOdb 1 20.90/sec 47.84 -
PDO 1 0.73/sec 1358.62 +2840%
ADOdb 50 10.78/sec 99.23 -
PDO 50 0.54/sec 1850.90 +1865%
ADOdb 100 10.44/sec 95.78 -
PDO 100 0.53/sec 1869.33 +1952%

Questions

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