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07 middle horizon1-tiwanaku_wari_

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Julia Jarrett

This document provides information on the major pre-Columbian civilizations that flourished in Peru and Bolivia between approximately 1000 BCE to 900 CE. It includes maps and images showing the locations of sites belonging to the Chiripa, Tiwanaku, Wari, and other cultures. Architectural structures, sculptures, and artifacts from these societies are photographed and described. The document outlines the rise and spread of the Tiwanaku and Wari states during the Middle Horizon period across the Andes highlands and coast.

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Also spelled ¡°Tiahuanaco¡± and ¡°Huari¡± 1
Left: Map of Peru with major sites labeled Right: Map showing location of Early Horizon to Early Intermediate period (c. 1000 BCE ¨C 300 CE) sites around Lake Titicaca with monumental sculpture (Yayamama & Pucara cultural traditions) 2
Chiripa, South Shore of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, c. 900 ¨C 100 BCE Top Left: Plan and cross-section of Structure 2 Bottom Right: Plan of site, with structures arranged around a central sunken court 3
Yayamama style relief from Copacabana, Southern shore of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, Early Horizon, c. 1000 ¨C 200 BCE, height = 15 ? in. (40 cm) 4
Arapa-Thunderbolt stela, Southern Highlands, c. 200 BCE ¨C 300 CE, Reconstructed length = 18 7/8 ft. (5 ? m) Left: Photograph of portion of stela from town of Arapa Right: Reconstruction drawing of front & back of stela from portions in Arapa and Tiwanaku 5
Pukar¨¢ style stone sculptures, Early Intermediate Period, c. 200 BCE ¨C 300 CE 6
Waru Waru (Raised Field) Agriculture, Bolivian Altiplano near Lake Titicaca 7
Aerial photograph of the central ceremonial precinct of Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE Visible are the Akapana (right), Semi-Subterranean Court (top left), Kalasasaya (center left), and Putuni (bottom) 8
View across the Semi-Subterranean Court to the Kalasasaya. 9
Heads tenoned into the wall of the Semi-Subterranean Court 10
Tiwanaku masonry Left: Detail of reconstructed Kalasasaya wall Right: Monoliths with missing masonry 11
Ponce Monolith, Kalasasaya, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 7 ft. (2.1 m) 12
Left: Tiwanaku-style snuff tablet, wood Right: Tiwanaku-style kero (beaker), wood 13
Bennett Monolith, originally located in the Semi-Subterranean Court, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 24 ft. (7.3 m) Left: photo of monolith Right: Rollout drawing of incised designs 14
Rollout drawing of central portion of incised designs on Bennett Monolith 15
Tiwanaku-style tapestry tunic, Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE 16
Gate of the Sun, Kalasasaya, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 9.8 ft. (3 m) 17
Drawings of the central staff deity (right) and attendant figures (left) from the Gate of the Sun, Tiwanaku 18
Gate of the Sun, detail of central staff deity 19
Back of the Gateway of the Sun 20
Akapana, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE Top Left: Reconstruction of the terraced pyramid Bottom Left: Photo showing reconstructed portion of terrace walls Right: Contoured plan showing current shape of the mound 21
Akapana, Tiwanaku Top Left: Excavated wall foundations showing the presence of rooms at the upper levels of the pyramid Bottom Left: Detail photo showing slots in the masonry for bronze brackets Right: Example of the stone-lined water channels running through the terraces 22
Right: Chachapuma sculpture, recovered from the western staircase of the Akapana 23
Satellite photo of Tiwanaku; the Akapana and Kalasasaya are found at the top right, the Pumapunku is found to the lower left. 24
Architectural stones carved with niches and windows, Pumapunku, Tiwanaku 25
Map of Peru showing Middle Horizon sites with Wari architecture (filled squares) and artifacts (outlined squares) 26
City of Huari, Ayacucho Valley, Central Highlands of Peru, Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 900 CE 27
Top Left: Photo of D-Shaped structure from Vegachayoq Moqo sector of the city of Huari, diameter = 20 m (66 ft.) Bottom Right: Axonometric reconstruction drawing of the Vegachayoq Moqo sector 28
Wari aqueduct at Rumicolca, near Pikillacta, Southern Highlands of Peru 29
Pikillacta, a provincial Wari administrative center in the Southern Highlands of Peru, Middle Horizon, c. 500 ¨C 900 CE, 1.04 x .69 mi. (1.68 x 1.12 km) Left: Plan of site Right: Aerial photo of ruins 30
Pikillacta Top Left: Detail of masonry Top Right: View of a surviving wall Bottom Left: View looking along a road through the site 31
Left: Cached offering from Pikillacta with copper spike, spondylus shells, and turquoise figurines Right: Wari turquoise figurine, Middle Horizon, c. 500 ¨C 900 CE, height = 1 ? in. (3.2 cm) 32

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07 middle horizon1-tiwanaku_wari_

  • 1. Also spelled ¡°Tiahuanaco¡± and ¡°Huari¡± 1
  • 2. Left: Map of Peru with major sites labeled Right: Map showing location of Early Horizon to Early Intermediate period (c. 1000 BCE ¨C 300 CE) sites around Lake Titicaca with monumental sculpture (Yayamama & Pucara cultural traditions) 2
  • 3. Chiripa, South Shore of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, c. 900 ¨C 100 BCE Top Left: Plan and cross-section of Structure 2 Bottom Right: Plan of site, with structures arranged around a central sunken court 3
  • 4. Yayamama style relief from Copacabana, Southern shore of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, Early Horizon, c. 1000 ¨C 200 BCE, height = 15 ? in. (40 cm) 4
  • 5. Arapa-Thunderbolt stela, Southern Highlands, c. 200 BCE ¨C 300 CE, Reconstructed length = 18 7/8 ft. (5 ? m) Left: Photograph of portion of stela from town of Arapa Right: Reconstruction drawing of front & back of stela from portions in Arapa and Tiwanaku 5
  • 6. Pukar¨¢ style stone sculptures, Early Intermediate Period, c. 200 BCE ¨C 300 CE 6
  • 7. Waru Waru (Raised Field) Agriculture, Bolivian Altiplano near Lake Titicaca 7
  • 8. Aerial photograph of the central ceremonial precinct of Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE Visible are the Akapana (right), Semi-Subterranean Court (top left), Kalasasaya (center left), and Putuni (bottom) 8
  • 9. View across the Semi-Subterranean Court to the Kalasasaya. 9
  • 10. Heads tenoned into the wall of the Semi-Subterranean Court 10
  • 11. Tiwanaku masonry Left: Detail of reconstructed Kalasasaya wall Right: Monoliths with missing masonry 11
  • 12. Ponce Monolith, Kalasasaya, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 7 ft. (2.1 m) 12
  • 13. Left: Tiwanaku-style snuff tablet, wood Right: Tiwanaku-style kero (beaker), wood 13
  • 14. Bennett Monolith, originally located in the Semi-Subterranean Court, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 24 ft. (7.3 m) Left: photo of monolith Right: Rollout drawing of incised designs 14
  • 15. Rollout drawing of central portion of incised designs on Bennett Monolith 15
  • 16. Tiwanaku-style tapestry tunic, Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE 16
  • 17. Gate of the Sun, Kalasasaya, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE, Height = 9.8 ft. (3 m) 17
  • 18. Drawings of the central staff deity (right) and attendant figures (left) from the Gate of the Sun, Tiwanaku 18
  • 19. Gate of the Sun, detail of central staff deity 19
  • 20. Back of the Gateway of the Sun 20
  • 21. Akapana, Tiwanaku, Early Intermediate Period to Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 800 CE Top Left: Reconstruction of the terraced pyramid Bottom Left: Photo showing reconstructed portion of terrace walls Right: Contoured plan showing current shape of the mound 21
  • 22. Akapana, Tiwanaku Top Left: Excavated wall foundations showing the presence of rooms at the upper levels of the pyramid Bottom Left: Detail photo showing slots in the masonry for bronze brackets Right: Example of the stone-lined water channels running through the terraces 22
  • 23. Right: Chachapuma sculpture, recovered from the western staircase of the Akapana 23
  • 24. Satellite photo of Tiwanaku; the Akapana and Kalasasaya are found at the top right, the Pumapunku is found to the lower left. 24
  • 25. Architectural stones carved with niches and windows, Pumapunku, Tiwanaku 25
  • 26. Map of Peru showing Middle Horizon sites with Wari architecture (filled squares) and artifacts (outlined squares) 26
  • 27. City of Huari, Ayacucho Valley, Central Highlands of Peru, Middle Horizon, c. 400 ¨C 900 CE 27
  • 28. Top Left: Photo of D-Shaped structure from Vegachayoq Moqo sector of the city of Huari, diameter = 20 m (66 ft.) Bottom Right: Axonometric reconstruction drawing of the Vegachayoq Moqo sector 28
  • 29. Wari aqueduct at Rumicolca, near Pikillacta, Southern Highlands of Peru 29
  • 30. Pikillacta, a provincial Wari administrative center in the Southern Highlands of Peru, Middle Horizon, c. 500 ¨C 900 CE, 1.04 x .69 mi. (1.68 x 1.12 km) Left: Plan of site Right: Aerial photo of ruins 30
  • 31. Pikillacta Top Left: Detail of masonry Top Right: View of a surviving wall Bottom Left: View looking along a road through the site 31
  • 32. Left: Cached offering from Pikillacta with copper spike, spondylus shells, and turquoise figurines Right: Wari turquoise figurine, Middle Horizon, c. 500 ¨C 900 CE, height = 1 ? in. (3.2 cm) 32