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The document discusses major bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture globally. It identifies several important bacterial pathogens based on their economic impact, human health risks, and prevalence in cold, temperate, and tropical regions. These include vibriosis, aeromoniasis, edwardsiellosis, pseudomoniasis, mycobacteriosis, streptococcosis, and flavobacteriosis. Some bacteria like Vibrio vulnificus, Mycobacterium marinum, and Streptococcus iniae pose zoonotic risks and require good hygiene practices. Vaccines have been developed for several pathogens affecting important cultured species.

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MAJOR BACTERIAL DISEASES AFFECTING AQUACULTURE Olga Haenen, olga.haenen@wur.nl Aquatic AMR Workshop 1: 10-11 April 2017, Mangalore, India FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries
Introduction FAO organized the workshop Food Security for the Future: The Role of Aquatic Health, Oct 2015, at Mississippi State University, and two writeshops (Frascati, Italy, Dec 2016; Mangalore, 7-9 April 2017) for the expert group for the book RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES IN AQUACULTURE for FAO criteria Major bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture in view
FAO Expert meeting at Frascati, Italy, Dec 2016 Criteria used for making the draft list of most important bacterial pathogens in aquaculture : (1) economic importance of affected species (2) socio-economic impact (3) zoonotic potential cold temperate tropical Appr. 0-15属C 5-25属C 20-37属C Zoonotic means: contact-zoonotic
Most Important Bacterial Diseases in Aquaculture (Dec 2016) Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Vibriosis (V. anguillarum, V. harveyi clade, V. parahaemolyticus, Aliivibrio salmonicida (V. salmonicida), V. vulnificus , Photobacterium damselae) Mycobacteriosis (Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. marinum, Nocardia asteroides, N. crassostreae (ostreae), N. seriolae) Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.:Aeromonas caviae, A. hydropila, A. sobria, A. veronii, A. jandaei; A. salmonicida) Streptococcosis (Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae, Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans) Edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella anguillarum, E. ictaluri, E. piscicida, E. tarda, Yersinia ruckeri) Renibacteriosis (Renibacterium salmoninarum) Pseudomonasis (Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, P . fluorescens) Infection with Anaerobic Bacteria (Clostridium botulinum, Enterobacterium catenabacterium) Flavobacteriosis (Flavobacterium branchiophilum, F . columnare, F . psychrophilum, Tenacibaculum maritinum) Infection with Intracellular Bacteria (Piscirickettsia salmonis, Hepatobacter penaei, Francisella noatunensis, Chlamydia spp.) In red: considered important for tropical regions
1. VIBRIOSIS :Vibrio anguillarum o Host range: in > 50 fish species of freshwater/marine fish, like eel (A. anguilla) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard, with salt media o Management: vaccines available o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate tropical seabass
1. VIBRIOSIS: Vibrio harveyi: Luminescent vibriosis o Host range: in culture of shrimp larvae, grouper, snapper, Asian seabass o Geographic distribution: warm regions, ubiquitous in seawater o Diagnostics: TCBS agar a.o., luminescent; diagnosis is easy o Management: Eggs are colonized by V. harveyi before hatch: remove spawners and rinse eggs o Zoonotic potential: no temperate tropical TCBS agar Shrimp egg
1. VIBRIOSIS: Vibrio vulnificus o Host range: eel, Anguilla spp. and other marine fish o Geographic distribution: warm regions, ubiquitous in seawater o Diagnostics: standard and TCBS agar a.o. o Management: apply good hygiene, avoid seawater at eel farms o Zoonotic potential: yes, Biotypes 1 and 2 Biotype 1 Biotype 2 temperate tropical
1. VIBRIOSIS : Aliivibrio salmonicida (hitra disease, cold water vibriosis) o Host range: sea-farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Sea-farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua o Geographic distribution: Since 1977 in Norway, then in Scotland, Iceland and the Faroer Isles, Canada, and the USA o Diagnostics: standard o Management: vaccine since 1987 o Zoonotic potential: No cold
1. VIBRIOSIS :Photobacterium damselae Pasteurellosis, pseudotuberculosis o Host range: various marine fish yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and other : Photobact. damselae piscicida marine fish, like sea bass, tuna: Photobact. damselae subsp. damselae o Geographic distribution: Photobact. dams.pisc.: Japan, Taiwan, China, Israel, Portugal, Mediterranean Photobact. damselae. dams. Extra: Korea and Australia o Diagnostics: standard o Management: lower water temp to <18属C; vaccine for Photobact. damselae piscicida o Zoonotic potential: yes (Photobact. damselae dams.) Yellow fin tuna Acute form in sea bass Chronic form in sea bass temperate tropical
1. VIBRIOSIS : an AHPND strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus : Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) (OIE listed) o Host range: farmed Penaeus vannamei, P. monodon, P. chinensis, possibly other shrimp species o Geographic distribution: since 2009 present: P.R. of China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Mexico o Diagnostics: Detection of virulence genes PirA and PirB, expt. field test kits o Management: please see OIE o Zoonotic potential: so far: no tropical
2. AEROMONIASIS: Motile Aeromonas spp.: A.caviae, A.hydrophila, A.sobria, A.veronii, A. jandaei channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in USA o Host range: various fresh- and brackish water fish species, like catfish, tilapia, Puntius, rohu, other cyprinids o Geographic distribution: global, opportunistic o Diagnostics: standard o Management: avoid other causes of disease o Zoonotic potential: low cold temperate tropical Puntius and rohu in India (Dr. Sahoo) Aer. hydrophila
2. AEROMONIASIS: Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: classical Furunculosis; atypical Aeromonas salm.:Carp erythrodermatitis o Host range: typical: salmonids, marine fish; atypical: various freshwater and marine fish species o Geographic distribution: Cold to temperate zone o Diagnostics: standard, typical: mostly brown pigment in agar o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate typical atypical
3. EDWARDSIELLOSIS: E. tarda, E. piscicida, and E. anguillarum cichlid Eur. eel o Host range: various freshwater and marine fish, tilapia, Pangasius hypophthalmus, eel o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: yes: E.tarda cold temperate tropical pangasius
3. EDWARDSIELLOSIS: E. ictaluri: Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC) o Host range: Pangasius hypophthalmus, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), farm-raised catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) o Geographic distribution: Mississippi area, Western hemisphere, Florida, Vietnam o Diagnostics: standard o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no. temperate tropical
3. Yersinia ruckeri: ENTERIC RED MOUTH (ERM) o Host range: rainbow trout and other salmonids o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard, yellow faeces o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical
4. PSEUDOMONIASIS: Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Sekiten-byo in Japanese eel, Red spot disease in elvers Anguilla spp, winter disease in sea bream Sparus aurata; and Pseudomonas fluorescens o Host range: Pseud. ang.: Many susceptible fish species, like eel, tilapia (Egypt), cod; Ps.fluor.: tilapia, tench, silver carp, bighead carp, rainbow trout o Geographic distribution: Pseud. ang.: Japan, since 1981 in Europe, N-Africa, SE- Asia ; Ps.fluor.: global o Diagnostics: standard o Management: Pseud. ang. can be cured by increasing the water temp to 27属C for 2 weeks, without antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical
5. MYCOBACTERIOSIS: Mycobacterium marinum and M. fortuitum Fish tuberculosis o Host range: freshwater, brackish and marine fish species, like tilapia, catfish, cyprinids, snakehead, striped bass o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: special media, slow grower, ZN-stain o Management: Cannot be cured with antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: yes Ziehl Neelsen + cold temperate tropical
5. MYCOBACTERIOSIS: Nocardia asteroides/seriolae/crassostreae o Host range: N. asteroides: trout, various marine fish, N. seriolae in marine fish species, like Jap. flounder, yellowtail, seabass N. crassostreae in shellfish (Pacific oyster, mussels) o Geographic distribution: Nocardia in fish: global; N. crass.: USA and Canada, Japan, the Netherlands o Diagnostics: special media, slow grower, typical colony form o Management: Cannot be cured with antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: no N.crass. in Pacific oyster cold temperate tropical Typical growth
6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS Streptococcus agalactiae/iniae Streptococcus iniae o Host range: various freshwater and marine fish species, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), o Geographic distribution: USA, Australia, Bahrain, Barbados, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Israel, S-Europe, Iran, South Africa o Diagnostics: standard o Management: There is a vaccine for S. iniae. o Zoonotic potential: yes cold temperate tropical
6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS: Lactococcus garvieae o Host range: rainbow trout, and marine species like Japanese yellowtail, and grey mullet o Geographic distribution: E-Asia, Spain o Diagnostics: standard. o Management: >18属C outbreaks. Vaccine available. o Zoonotic potential: no temperate tropical
6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS: Aerococcus viridans: Gaffkemia o Host range: Crayfish, Macrobrachium spp., freshwater lobsters, like Homarus americanus, o Geographic distribution: India, N-America, Ecuador, Australia, sometimes Europe with imports o Diagnostics: standard o Management: risk with watering import lobsters o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate tropical
7. FLAVOBACTERIOSIS: * (Flavobacterium branchiophilum: Bacterial Gill Disease (BGD)(cold)) * Flavobacterium columnare: Columnaris disease * (Flavobacterium psychrophilum:bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS)) * (Tenacibaculum maritinum in marine fish at global level) Flavobact .columnare: o Host range: various cultured freshwater fish species worldwide, like tilapia, cyprinids o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: special media needed. o Management: standard. Vaccine available o Zoonotic potential: no. temperate tropical
9. INFECTION WITH INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA: * Piscirickettsia salmonis in salmonids (cold) * Necrotising hepatopancreatitis (NHP) in peneaids (OIE-listed, exotic to Asia) * Francisella noatunensis * Chlamydia spp.in salmonids o Host range: tilapia in the Costa Rica and Asia, hybrid striped bass, threeline grunt, Atlantic salmon, and Atlantic cod o Geographic distribution: Japan, Taiwan, N-Europe, Central- and South America, including Chile o Diagnostics: special media needed o Management: standard. o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical Lesions in tilapia in Costa Rica
Zoonotical fish pathogenic bacteria from warmwater systems o Streptococcus agalactiae (tilapia, a.o.) o Streptococcus iniae (tilapia a.o.) o Edwardsiella tarda (eel, cichlids, ornamental fish) o Vibrio vulnificus (eel) o Photobact. damselae damselae (marine fish) o Mycobacterium marinum (various warmwater fish, incl. tilapia) o Mycobacterium fortuitum (warmwater ornamental fish) KEEP GOOD HYGIENE! temperate tropical
2 Examples of contact zoonosis from fish Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 2 Mycobacterium marinum Fasciitis necroticans in immunocompromised eel farmer NL IC, surgery (4x) and antibiotics i.v. amoxicilline, ceftazidim, ciprofloxacine,doxycycline Swimmer granuloma Take care: may be missed, as cultured at 37属C in hospitals: no growth. 30属C is optimum
Some relevant bacterial problems in cultured warmwater ornamental fish o Aeromonas spp. in koi and goldfish o Vibrio vulnificus in Garra rufa (spa fish) o Edw.ictaluri in zebrafish (Danio rerio) o Y. ruckeri in kissing gourami o Pseud. fluorescens in goldfish o Mycobacterium marinum /fortuitum in goldfish, Garra rufa, zoo warmwater fish (old recirculation systems) o N. asteroides in freshwater ornamental fish o And other...
Diagnosis of fish bacterial diseases o Always realize: primary or secondary infection? o Isolation and identification Biochemistry: slow, not always specific 16S rRNA typing: fast, specific, but expensive Diagnostic PCR (culture needed for ab-test) Serological field tests (ELISA-based) Protein method: MALDI TOF: fast, specific, apparatus expensive o Antibiogram (pure culture needed)
Prophylaxis: fish vaccines in use Aeromonas salmonicida Vibrio salmonicida V. anguillarum Yersinia ruckeri Renibacterium salmoninarum Flavobacterium psychrophilum F. columnare Piscirickettsia salmonis Lactococcus garvieae Streptococcus iniae Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Edwardsiella ictaluri among others... injection bath Per os
SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS o There are many bacterial aquaculture diseases worldwide, of which many relevant for tropical regions o Some of the pathogens may be contact-zoonotic, good hygiene is crucial for aquafarmers, field technicians, and processors o Proper diagnosis of bacterial diseases is crucial o Many of the diseases can be prevented by good management, including use of appropriate vaccines o In case antibiotic treatment is necessary, we recommend to always make an antibiogram o Countries: please pay attention to this list of bacterial pathogens o Please validate during working group discussions: did you miss pathogens?
Thank you for your attention! Olga.haenen@wur.nl Painting: Anonymus, Utrecht 1640

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07_Haenen.pdf

  • 1. MAJOR BACTERIAL DISEASES AFFECTING AQUACULTURE Olga Haenen, olga.haenen@wur.nl Aquatic AMR Workshop 1: 10-11 April 2017, Mangalore, India FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries
  • 2. Introduction FAO organized the workshop Food Security for the Future: The Role of Aquatic Health, Oct 2015, at Mississippi State University, and two writeshops (Frascati, Italy, Dec 2016; Mangalore, 7-9 April 2017) for the expert group for the book RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES IN AQUACULTURE for FAO criteria Major bacterial diseases affecting aquaculture in view
  • 3. FAO Expert meeting at Frascati, Italy, Dec 2016 Criteria used for making the draft list of most important bacterial pathogens in aquaculture : (1) economic importance of affected species (2) socio-economic impact (3) zoonotic potential cold temperate tropical Appr. 0-15属C 5-25属C 20-37属C Zoonotic means: contact-zoonotic
  • 4. Most Important Bacterial Diseases in Aquaculture (Dec 2016) Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Vibriosis (V. anguillarum, V. harveyi clade, V. parahaemolyticus, Aliivibrio salmonicida (V. salmonicida), V. vulnificus , Photobacterium damselae) Mycobacteriosis (Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. marinum, Nocardia asteroides, N. crassostreae (ostreae), N. seriolae) Aeromonasis (Motile Aeromonas spp.:Aeromonas caviae, A. hydropila, A. sobria, A. veronii, A. jandaei; A. salmonicida) Streptococcosis (Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae, Lactococcus garvieae, Aerococcus viridans) Edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella anguillarum, E. ictaluri, E. piscicida, E. tarda, Yersinia ruckeri) Renibacteriosis (Renibacterium salmoninarum) Pseudomonasis (Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, P . fluorescens) Infection with Anaerobic Bacteria (Clostridium botulinum, Enterobacterium catenabacterium) Flavobacteriosis (Flavobacterium branchiophilum, F . columnare, F . psychrophilum, Tenacibaculum maritinum) Infection with Intracellular Bacteria (Piscirickettsia salmonis, Hepatobacter penaei, Francisella noatunensis, Chlamydia spp.) In red: considered important for tropical regions
  • 5. 1. VIBRIOSIS :Vibrio anguillarum o Host range: in > 50 fish species of freshwater/marine fish, like eel (A. anguilla) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard, with salt media o Management: vaccines available o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate tropical seabass
  • 6. 1. VIBRIOSIS: Vibrio harveyi: Luminescent vibriosis o Host range: in culture of shrimp larvae, grouper, snapper, Asian seabass o Geographic distribution: warm regions, ubiquitous in seawater o Diagnostics: TCBS agar a.o., luminescent; diagnosis is easy o Management: Eggs are colonized by V. harveyi before hatch: remove spawners and rinse eggs o Zoonotic potential: no temperate tropical TCBS agar Shrimp egg
  • 7. 1. VIBRIOSIS: Vibrio vulnificus o Host range: eel, Anguilla spp. and other marine fish o Geographic distribution: warm regions, ubiquitous in seawater o Diagnostics: standard and TCBS agar a.o. o Management: apply good hygiene, avoid seawater at eel farms o Zoonotic potential: yes, Biotypes 1 and 2 Biotype 1 Biotype 2 temperate tropical
  • 8. 1. VIBRIOSIS : Aliivibrio salmonicida (hitra disease, cold water vibriosis) o Host range: sea-farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Sea-farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua o Geographic distribution: Since 1977 in Norway, then in Scotland, Iceland and the Faroer Isles, Canada, and the USA o Diagnostics: standard o Management: vaccine since 1987 o Zoonotic potential: No cold
  • 9. 1. VIBRIOSIS :Photobacterium damselae Pasteurellosis, pseudotuberculosis o Host range: various marine fish yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and other : Photobact. damselae piscicida marine fish, like sea bass, tuna: Photobact. damselae subsp. damselae o Geographic distribution: Photobact. dams.pisc.: Japan, Taiwan, China, Israel, Portugal, Mediterranean Photobact. damselae. dams. Extra: Korea and Australia o Diagnostics: standard o Management: lower water temp to <18属C; vaccine for Photobact. damselae piscicida o Zoonotic potential: yes (Photobact. damselae dams.) Yellow fin tuna Acute form in sea bass Chronic form in sea bass temperate tropical
  • 10. 1. VIBRIOSIS : an AHPND strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus : Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) (OIE listed) o Host range: farmed Penaeus vannamei, P. monodon, P. chinensis, possibly other shrimp species o Geographic distribution: since 2009 present: P.R. of China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Mexico o Diagnostics: Detection of virulence genes PirA and PirB, expt. field test kits o Management: please see OIE o Zoonotic potential: so far: no tropical
  • 11. 2. AEROMONIASIS: Motile Aeromonas spp.: A.caviae, A.hydrophila, A.sobria, A.veronii, A. jandaei channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in USA o Host range: various fresh- and brackish water fish species, like catfish, tilapia, Puntius, rohu, other cyprinids o Geographic distribution: global, opportunistic o Diagnostics: standard o Management: avoid other causes of disease o Zoonotic potential: low cold temperate tropical Puntius and rohu in India (Dr. Sahoo) Aer. hydrophila
  • 12. 2. AEROMONIASIS: Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: classical Furunculosis; atypical Aeromonas salm.:Carp erythrodermatitis o Host range: typical: salmonids, marine fish; atypical: various freshwater and marine fish species o Geographic distribution: Cold to temperate zone o Diagnostics: standard, typical: mostly brown pigment in agar o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate typical atypical
  • 13. 3. EDWARDSIELLOSIS: E. tarda, E. piscicida, and E. anguillarum cichlid Eur. eel o Host range: various freshwater and marine fish, tilapia, Pangasius hypophthalmus, eel o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: yes: E.tarda cold temperate tropical pangasius
  • 14. 3. EDWARDSIELLOSIS: E. ictaluri: Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC) o Host range: Pangasius hypophthalmus, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), farm-raised catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) o Geographic distribution: Mississippi area, Western hemisphere, Florida, Vietnam o Diagnostics: standard o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no. temperate tropical
  • 15. 3. Yersinia ruckeri: ENTERIC RED MOUTH (ERM) o Host range: rainbow trout and other salmonids o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: standard, yellow faeces o Management: standard. Vaccines available. o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical
  • 16. 4. PSEUDOMONIASIS: Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Sekiten-byo in Japanese eel, Red spot disease in elvers Anguilla spp, winter disease in sea bream Sparus aurata; and Pseudomonas fluorescens o Host range: Pseud. ang.: Many susceptible fish species, like eel, tilapia (Egypt), cod; Ps.fluor.: tilapia, tench, silver carp, bighead carp, rainbow trout o Geographic distribution: Pseud. ang.: Japan, since 1981 in Europe, N-Africa, SE- Asia ; Ps.fluor.: global o Diagnostics: standard o Management: Pseud. ang. can be cured by increasing the water temp to 27属C for 2 weeks, without antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical
  • 17. 5. MYCOBACTERIOSIS: Mycobacterium marinum and M. fortuitum Fish tuberculosis o Host range: freshwater, brackish and marine fish species, like tilapia, catfish, cyprinids, snakehead, striped bass o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: special media, slow grower, ZN-stain o Management: Cannot be cured with antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: yes Ziehl Neelsen + cold temperate tropical
  • 18. 5. MYCOBACTERIOSIS: Nocardia asteroides/seriolae/crassostreae o Host range: N. asteroides: trout, various marine fish, N. seriolae in marine fish species, like Jap. flounder, yellowtail, seabass N. crassostreae in shellfish (Pacific oyster, mussels) o Geographic distribution: Nocardia in fish: global; N. crass.: USA and Canada, Japan, the Netherlands o Diagnostics: special media, slow grower, typical colony form o Management: Cannot be cured with antibiotics o Zoonotic potential: no N.crass. in Pacific oyster cold temperate tropical Typical growth
  • 19. 6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS Streptococcus agalactiae/iniae Streptococcus iniae o Host range: various freshwater and marine fish species, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), o Geographic distribution: USA, Australia, Bahrain, Barbados, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Israel, S-Europe, Iran, South Africa o Diagnostics: standard o Management: There is a vaccine for S. iniae. o Zoonotic potential: yes cold temperate tropical
  • 20. 6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS: Lactococcus garvieae o Host range: rainbow trout, and marine species like Japanese yellowtail, and grey mullet o Geographic distribution: E-Asia, Spain o Diagnostics: standard. o Management: >18属C outbreaks. Vaccine available. o Zoonotic potential: no temperate tropical
  • 21. 6. STREPTOCOCCOSIS: Aerococcus viridans: Gaffkemia o Host range: Crayfish, Macrobrachium spp., freshwater lobsters, like Homarus americanus, o Geographic distribution: India, N-America, Ecuador, Australia, sometimes Europe with imports o Diagnostics: standard o Management: risk with watering import lobsters o Zoonotic potential: no cold temperate tropical
  • 22. 7. FLAVOBACTERIOSIS: * (Flavobacterium branchiophilum: Bacterial Gill Disease (BGD)(cold)) * Flavobacterium columnare: Columnaris disease * (Flavobacterium psychrophilum:bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS)) * (Tenacibaculum maritinum in marine fish at global level) Flavobact .columnare: o Host range: various cultured freshwater fish species worldwide, like tilapia, cyprinids o Geographic distribution: global o Diagnostics: special media needed. o Management: standard. Vaccine available o Zoonotic potential: no. temperate tropical
  • 23. 9. INFECTION WITH INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA: * Piscirickettsia salmonis in salmonids (cold) * Necrotising hepatopancreatitis (NHP) in peneaids (OIE-listed, exotic to Asia) * Francisella noatunensis * Chlamydia spp.in salmonids o Host range: tilapia in the Costa Rica and Asia, hybrid striped bass, threeline grunt, Atlantic salmon, and Atlantic cod o Geographic distribution: Japan, Taiwan, N-Europe, Central- and South America, including Chile o Diagnostics: special media needed o Management: standard. o Zoonotic potential: no. cold temperate tropical Lesions in tilapia in Costa Rica
  • 24. Zoonotical fish pathogenic bacteria from warmwater systems o Streptococcus agalactiae (tilapia, a.o.) o Streptococcus iniae (tilapia a.o.) o Edwardsiella tarda (eel, cichlids, ornamental fish) o Vibrio vulnificus (eel) o Photobact. damselae damselae (marine fish) o Mycobacterium marinum (various warmwater fish, incl. tilapia) o Mycobacterium fortuitum (warmwater ornamental fish) KEEP GOOD HYGIENE! temperate tropical
  • 25. 2 Examples of contact zoonosis from fish Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 2 Mycobacterium marinum Fasciitis necroticans in immunocompromised eel farmer NL IC, surgery (4x) and antibiotics i.v. amoxicilline, ceftazidim, ciprofloxacine,doxycycline Swimmer granuloma Take care: may be missed, as cultured at 37属C in hospitals: no growth. 30属C is optimum
  • 26. Some relevant bacterial problems in cultured warmwater ornamental fish o Aeromonas spp. in koi and goldfish o Vibrio vulnificus in Garra rufa (spa fish) o Edw.ictaluri in zebrafish (Danio rerio) o Y. ruckeri in kissing gourami o Pseud. fluorescens in goldfish o Mycobacterium marinum /fortuitum in goldfish, Garra rufa, zoo warmwater fish (old recirculation systems) o N. asteroides in freshwater ornamental fish o And other...
  • 27. Diagnosis of fish bacterial diseases o Always realize: primary or secondary infection? o Isolation and identification Biochemistry: slow, not always specific 16S rRNA typing: fast, specific, but expensive Diagnostic PCR (culture needed for ab-test) Serological field tests (ELISA-based) Protein method: MALDI TOF: fast, specific, apparatus expensive o Antibiogram (pure culture needed)
  • 28. Prophylaxis: fish vaccines in use Aeromonas salmonicida Vibrio salmonicida V. anguillarum Yersinia ruckeri Renibacterium salmoninarum Flavobacterium psychrophilum F. columnare Piscirickettsia salmonis Lactococcus garvieae Streptococcus iniae Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Edwardsiella ictaluri among others... injection bath Per os
  • 29. SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS o There are many bacterial aquaculture diseases worldwide, of which many relevant for tropical regions o Some of the pathogens may be contact-zoonotic, good hygiene is crucial for aquafarmers, field technicians, and processors o Proper diagnosis of bacterial diseases is crucial o Many of the diseases can be prevented by good management, including use of appropriate vaccines o In case antibiotic treatment is necessary, we recommend to always make an antibiogram o Countries: please pay attention to this list of bacterial pathogens o Please validate during working group discussions: did you miss pathogens?
  • 30. Thank you for your attention! Olga.haenen@wur.nl Painting: Anonymus, Utrecht 1640