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Introduction
Concept of organisational behaviour:
Organisational behaviour (OB) is defined as the systematic study
and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups
act within the organisations where they work.

Levels of OB analysis
Organisational
Group
Individual

Organisational behaviour system
Individual character
(value, character etc.)
Organisational
character (culture,
norms)
Group character
(Group value, Group-
formal vs informal)
Learning,
motivation,
perception,
attitude,
leadership,
team, HRM
(Mgmt.)
Satisfaction,
Job effect,
Productivity,
QC, Low
conflict,
others.
Feedback
Input OB Process Output

A. The Nature of People
1. Individual differences
2. A whole person
3. Caused behaviour
4. Value of the person
B. The Nature of Organization
5. Social Systems
6. Mutual interests
Basic assumptions of OB

Contributing disciplines to the field of organisational behaviour
Contributing
disciplines to
the field of
OB
Social-
Psychology
Anthropology
Others
Medicine
Economics
Political
Science
Psychology Sociology

•Psychology: Motivation, Learning, Perception, Personality, Emotion,
Training, Employee Selection, Attitude, Work Design, Job Stress, etc.
•Sociology: Group dynamics, status, culture, status, power,
communication, socialisation, organisational change, and technology.
•Social Psychology: Predict, manage, and change the behaviour of
humans in organisational settings.
•Anthropology: human nature, different societies, and how
different cultures are developed.

•Political Science: allocation of power, conflict resolution, group
coalition, political system and how to manipulate power for individual
self-interest.
•Economics: how to minimize cost, how to best use scarce resources,
labour market dynamics, wages, demand-supply, cost of production,
and achieve more from less.
•Medicine: identification and treatment of diseases to improve the
health of people, Some causes are related to the body and some are
mental

Individual behaviour as an input-output system

Traditional View of Input-Output System
S – R Model
‘S’ for stimulus and ‘R’ for response. The process of human behaviour may
thus be regarded as stimulus-response process. Eg: The teacher is
affected by student’s behaviour and in turn affects their behaviour.
Individual behaviour is not a self-induced phenomenon, but is affected
by a larger system e.g., group, family and the society within which one
functions. S – R model of human behaviour suggests that the behaviour
is caused by certain reasons. The reasons may be internal feeling
(motivation) and external environment (stimulus). A stimulus is an
agent, such as, heat, light, piece of information etc. that directly
influences the activity of an organism (person).

S – O – R Model: S – O – R model is based upon the stimulus processed
by the organism and followed by behaviour. This O is not passive and
immobile as assumed in S – R model. Rather the O is not viewed as a
mediating, maintenance, and adjustive function between S and R as a
mediating function, the O is constantly active, scanning its
surroundings, monitoring its own actions, seeking certain conditions
and avoiding others. As a maintenance function, organs of O are
responsible for its health and growth.

- There are three categories of maintenance organs-receptors (sense
organs), connectors (nervous organs), and effectors (muscles and
glands). The adjustment function of the O monitors the person’s
activities so that he can overcome obstacles and satisfy his needs.
- Insertion of O in S – R model gives some recognition to the
importance to the human variables.
- It still remains a relatively mechanistic and simplistic approach
and does not explain the complexity of human behaviour.

Behaviour View of Input-Output System (S – O – B Model)
- S – O – B incorporates a more complex mechanism of human
behaviour which modifies and extends S – O – R models.
- ‘S’ stands for the situation which is more comprehensive than
stimuli of S – O – R model and incorporates all aspects of the
environment – immediate stimulus, physical environment,
and socio-cultural environment.
- ‘O’ is the organism but does not only represent the
physiological being as in the S – O – R model, but also the
psychological being which is more complex.
- ‘B’ stands for pattern of behaviour, both overt and covert.

- S – O – B model tries to explain the process of human behaviour. The
understanding, predicting, and directing human behaviour in
organisations may be increased when we identify and analyse the
different variables which go in shaping the behaviour.
Biological Foundation of Behaviour
The general biological characteristics of human system, especially as
laid down in heredity and revealed during the subsequent period of
development of the individual, influence the ways in which he or she
tends to sense external event data, interpret them, respond to them
and learn from his/her own past experiences.

New challenges for manager in OB
Improving
Peoples’
Skills
Improving
Quality and
Productivity
TQM
Managing
Workforce
Diversity
Responding
to
Globalisation
Empowering
People
Coping with
Temporarin
ess
Stimulating
Innovation
and Change
Emergence
of E-
Organisatio
n & E-
Commerce
Impro
ving
Ethical
Behavi
our
Improving
Customer
Service
Helping
Employee
s Balance
Work-Life
Conflicts
Flatten
ing
World
New Challenges for
manager in OB

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1. Introduction.pptx

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