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11. Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective

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Centre For Rural Technology, Nepal
Centre For Rural Technology, Nepal

National Workshop on Standards and Testing of Cookstoves in Nepal 25 July 2013, Hotel Himalaya, Kathmandu, Nepal Policy session Presenter: Tami C. Bond University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective Tami C. BondTami C. Bond University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign July 25, 2013July 25, 2013 Photo: NASA
Combustion affects public health 22 Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012 Global disability-adjusted life years
Combustion affects public health 33 Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012 South Asia: % of disability-adjusted life years
Photo from Space Shuttle Courtesy Robert Charlson & NASA East coast of Asia Combustion affects global air quality particles carried over the ocean particles changing clouds
Residential stoves are a large source of combustion products Source: Satellite measurements from NASA Aura; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO values for CO emission; own tabulation Source: Bond et al, ACP 2011 for modeling; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO database for BC emission; own tabulation Carbon monoxide concentrations
Many impacts ¨C many potential benefits 66 Health Economic Development Home Environment Women¡¯s Empowerment Forests Air pollution and climate Figure concept from WHO ¨C altered by me. Images may be subject to copyright
77 History of stoves & testing (outside Nepal) 1982-1985 1st Water Boiling Test (VITA) 2004 New interest Many stove programs Little monitoring 1980s Donor burnout 2001 2002 Partnershi p for Clean Indoor Air 3rd WBT Field testing & training 2006 2007 IWA 20122010 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Technical evaluation of protocols Major Focus: Deforestation Major Focus: Indoor Air Focus Addition: Climate R&D, commercial- ization
An important moment in history ? Technical capacity has grown along with interestTechnical capacity has grown along with interest in household energy.in household energy. ? However,However, big successbig success andand major improvementsmajor improvements in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.in emissions have not yet been demonstrated. ? It¡¯s important to get it right this time.It¡¯s important to get it right this time. 88
Against Standards: Every place is different ? different stovesdifferent stoves ? different foodsdifferent foods ? different fuelsdifferent fuels ? different cooking habitsdifferent cooking habits ? different usesdifferent uses For standards: Every place is the same ? emissions have effectsemissions have effects beyond householdbeyond household ? health effects of PMhealth effects of PM similar around the worldsimilar around the world
Temporary ¡°IWA¡± provides stove ratings 1010 IWA = International Workshop Agreement Workshop held in The Hague, Netherlands, Feb 2012 Over 80 participants - 3 from Nepal Fuel Efficiency Does the stove use fuel efficiently? Emissions How much pollution is emitted to the environment? Indoor Emissions Are indoor pollutant concentrations reduced by using a chimney, or can good IAQ be achieved without a chimney because of low emissions? Safety Does the stove reduce the risk of burns, poisoning, and other injuries? Four rating classes Allows each program to choose what¡¯s important
Tiers mark progressive performance 1111 Tier 1 Measurable improvement Tier 2 Substantial improvement Tier 3 Solid biomass achievable as of 2011 Tier 4 Aspirational goal Tier 5 £¿ Tier 0 ¨C No improvement
1212 It is hoped that many protocols can produce Tier ratings dirty sucia ¸ßÅÅ·Å sale IWA language allows this possibility. Informal name: ¡°Rosetta Stone¡± = A system to translate many languages Tier 3 ? Tier 0 ?
In-use performance differs from laboratory 1313 Field- Lab- Improved Improved Reasons: Fuel size Fuel quality Fuel feeding Fire tending¡­ Roden et al. 2006; 2009
Goal of all testing: Program effectiveness ? In anIn an effectiveeffective programprogram ? the full performance of the technology is achievedthe full performance of the technology is achieved ? poorly performing technology is displacedpoorly performing technology is displaced ? a large fraction of users adopt better technologya large fraction of users adopt better technology ? Possible reasons forPossible reasons for loss of effectivenessloss of effectiveness ? technology doesn¡¯t perform (technical testing)technology doesn¡¯t perform (technical testing) ? users don¡¯t use the technology (understandusers don¡¯t use the technology (understand consumers)consumers) ? users don¡¯t adopt the technology (cost, otherusers don¡¯t adopt the technology (cost, other motivation)motivation) 1414
Summary ? There are many reasons to improveThere are many reasons to improve household energy (especially biomass)household energy (especially biomass) ? This is a unique time in history:This is a unique time in history: attention, capacity, some global discussionsattention, capacity, some global discussions But success is not yet guaranteedBut success is not yet guaranteed ? Seek program effectiveness, not just good testsSeek program effectiveness, not just good tests QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS? 1515

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11. Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective

  • 1. Stove Testing Standards: Scientific and Global Perspective Tami C. BondTami C. Bond University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign July 25, 2013July 25, 2013 Photo: NASA
  • 2. Combustion affects public health 22 Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012 Global disability-adjusted life years
  • 3. Combustion affects public health 33 Lim et al., Comparative risk Assessment, Lancet 380, 2012 South Asia: % of disability-adjusted life years
  • 4. Photo from Space Shuttle Courtesy Robert Charlson & NASA East coast of Asia Combustion affects global air quality particles carried over the ocean particles changing clouds
  • 5. Residential stoves are a large source of combustion products Source: Satellite measurements from NASA Aura; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO values for CO emission; own tabulation Source: Bond et al, ACP 2011 for modeling; IIASA-GAINS and RETRO database for BC emission; own tabulation Carbon monoxide concentrations
  • 6. Many impacts ¨C many potential benefits 66 Health Economic Development Home Environment Women¡¯s Empowerment Forests Air pollution and climate Figure concept from WHO ¨C altered by me. Images may be subject to copyright
  • 7. 77 History of stoves & testing (outside Nepal) 1982-1985 1st Water Boiling Test (VITA) 2004 New interest Many stove programs Little monitoring 1980s Donor burnout 2001 2002 Partnershi p for Clean Indoor Air 3rd WBT Field testing & training 2006 2007 IWA 20122010 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Technical evaluation of protocols Major Focus: Deforestation Major Focus: Indoor Air Focus Addition: Climate R&D, commercial- ization
  • 8. An important moment in history ? Technical capacity has grown along with interestTechnical capacity has grown along with interest in household energy.in household energy. ? However,However, big successbig success andand major improvementsmajor improvements in emissions have not yet been demonstrated.in emissions have not yet been demonstrated. ? It¡¯s important to get it right this time.It¡¯s important to get it right this time. 88
  • 9. Against Standards: Every place is different ? different stovesdifferent stoves ? different foodsdifferent foods ? different fuelsdifferent fuels ? different cooking habitsdifferent cooking habits ? different usesdifferent uses For standards: Every place is the same ? emissions have effectsemissions have effects beyond householdbeyond household ? health effects of PMhealth effects of PM similar around the worldsimilar around the world
  • 10. Temporary ¡°IWA¡± provides stove ratings 1010 IWA = International Workshop Agreement Workshop held in The Hague, Netherlands, Feb 2012 Over 80 participants - 3 from Nepal Fuel Efficiency Does the stove use fuel efficiently? Emissions How much pollution is emitted to the environment? Indoor Emissions Are indoor pollutant concentrations reduced by using a chimney, or can good IAQ be achieved without a chimney because of low emissions? Safety Does the stove reduce the risk of burns, poisoning, and other injuries? Four rating classes Allows each program to choose what¡¯s important
  • 11. Tiers mark progressive performance 1111 Tier 1 Measurable improvement Tier 2 Substantial improvement Tier 3 Solid biomass achievable as of 2011 Tier 4 Aspirational goal Tier 5 £¿ Tier 0 ¨C No improvement
  • 12. 1212 It is hoped that many protocols can produce Tier ratings dirty sucia ¸ßÅÅ·Å sale IWA language allows this possibility. Informal name: ¡°Rosetta Stone¡± = A system to translate many languages Tier 3 ? Tier 0 ?
  • 13. In-use performance differs from laboratory 1313 Field- Lab- Improved Improved Reasons: Fuel size Fuel quality Fuel feeding Fire tending¡­ Roden et al. 2006; 2009
  • 14. Goal of all testing: Program effectiveness ? In anIn an effectiveeffective programprogram ? the full performance of the technology is achievedthe full performance of the technology is achieved ? poorly performing technology is displacedpoorly performing technology is displaced ? a large fraction of users adopt better technologya large fraction of users adopt better technology ? Possible reasons forPossible reasons for loss of effectivenessloss of effectiveness ? technology doesn¡¯t perform (technical testing)technology doesn¡¯t perform (technical testing) ? users don¡¯t use the technology (understandusers don¡¯t use the technology (understand consumers)consumers) ? users don¡¯t adopt the technology (cost, otherusers don¡¯t adopt the technology (cost, other motivation)motivation) 1414
  • 15. Summary ? There are many reasons to improveThere are many reasons to improve household energy (especially biomass)household energy (especially biomass) ? This is a unique time in history:This is a unique time in history: attention, capacity, some global discussionsattention, capacity, some global discussions But success is not yet guaranteedBut success is not yet guaranteed ? Seek program effectiveness, not just good testsSeek program effectiveness, not just good tests QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS? 1515