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Previous Knowledge
Testing
1. Who developed Python?
Guido Van Rossum
2. Name the Python’s two working mode.
Interactive & Script
3. Python programs are stored in files with _________
extension.
.py extension
4. Python is the fastest language. True / false
False
5. Which statement is used to display
output on the screen?

Print statement
Syntax:
print( <objects to be printed in quotes>)
For example:
print(“ Computer Science “)
Output :
Computer Science

Print statement
Arguments inside print statement:
sep & end
Sep – is used to separate word
eg. x,y=10,20
print(x , y)
Output :
10 20

Print statement
Arguments inside print statement:
sep & end
end – is used to separate word
eg. x,y=10,20
print(x)
print(y)
Output :
10 20
print(x, end = “ “)

INTRODUCTION
TO
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

Python is a high-level, interpreted and general-
purpose dynamic programming language that
focuses on code readability. The syntax in Python
helps the programmers to do coding in fewer steps
as compared to Java or C++.
Let us learn the basic elements of python
programming

PYTHON CHARACTER SET
What is Character Set?
Character set is
identifying elements
a bunch of
in the
programming language.

PYTHON CHARACTER SET
PYTHON
CHARACTER
SET
• Letters:- A-Z, a-z
• Digits:- 0 to 9
• Special Symbols:- space + - / ( ) [ ] = ! = < > , ‘ “ $ # ; : ? &
• White Spaces:- Blank Space , Horizontal Tab, Vertical tab,
Carriage Return.
• Other Characters:- Python can process all 256 ASCII and
Unicode Characters.

11-unit1chapter02pythonfundamentals-180823043011.pptx

What is Token or lexical unit?

TOKENS OR LEXICAL UNIT
What is Token?
Individual elements that are
identified by programming language are
called tokens or lexical unit.

TOKENS / LEXICAL UNITS
TOKENS
1. Key
Word
s
2.
Identifiers
3. Literals
4.
Operators.
5.
Punctuators

What is Keyword or reserved word?

What is Keyword?
Keywords are also called as reserved
words these are having special meaning
in python language. The words are
defined in the python interpreter hence
these cant be used as programming
identifiers.
1. Keyword/Reserved Word

Some Keywords of Python Language

and assert
break
continue
del
else
exe
c
class
def
elif
excep
t
finally
from

global
if
import in
is lambda not
or
pass print
raise
return try while
with yield

2. IDENTIFIERS
What is an identifier?
A Python Identifier is a name given
to a function, class, variable, module, or
other objects that you’ll be using in
your Python program.
In short, its a name appeared in the
program.
For example: a, b, c
a b and c are the identifiers
and a b & c and , are the

PYTHON NAMING CONVENTIONS
OR
IDENTIFIER FORMATION RULES

the python
naming
What are
conventions?
1. An identifier can be a combination
of uppercase letters, lowercase letters,
underscores, and digits (0-9). Hence,
the following are valid identifiers:
myClass, my_variable, var_1, and
print_hello_world.

What are the python
naming conventions?
2. The first character must be letter.
3. Special characters such as %,
@, and
$ are not allowed within identifiers.
4. An identifier should not begin
with a
number. Hence, 2variable is
not valid, but variable2 is acceptable.

the python
naming
What are
conventions?
5. Python is a case-sensitive
language and this behaviour extends to
identifiers. Thus, Labour and labour are
two distinct identifiers in Python.
6. You cannot use Python keywords
as identifiers.

the python
naming
What are
conventions?
7. You cannot use Python keywords as
identifiers.
8. You can use underscores to separate
multiple words in your identifier.

SOME VALID IDENTIFIERS:
Myfile1
y3m9d3
MYFILE
DATE9_7_8
_xs
_FXd
SOME INVALID IDENTIFIERS:
MY-REC 28dre break
elif false del

Competency Based
Question
1. Write Instructions in python to get the following
result: (Do it in both interactive mode and script
mode)
• I am a student of KV Barabanki
• I live in Barabanki
• And I love Barabanki.
• Barabanki is 20 KM away from Lucknow
• This Place is famous for Dewa Sharif

HOME WORK
1. What are tokens in python? How many
tokens are allowed in Python?
2. How keyword are different from
identifiers?
3. Application based Question:
a,b,c = 2,8,9
print(a,b,c)
print(b,c,a)

3. LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES
What is literals?
Literals are also called as constants
or constant values these are the values
which never change during the
execution of program.

What are the types of
literals?

TYPES OF LITERALS / CONSTANT VALUES
What are the types of literals?
1) String Literals or Constants.
2) Numeric Literals or Constants.
3) Boolean Literals or Constants.
4) Special Literal None.
5) Literal Collections.

1. STRING LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
What is string?
Sequence of letters enclosed in
quotes is called string or string literal or
constant.
both form of
Pythonsupports
quotes i.e.
‘Hel
lo’
“Hello”

REPRESENTATION OF STRING
Forward Indexing
>>> s = “Hello Python”
This is how Python would index the string:
Backward Indexing

To access the first character on the string
you just created, type and enter the variable
name s and the index 0 within square brackets
like this:
>>>s[0]
You’ll get this
output: ‘H’

To access the last character, you can use this
expression:
>>>s[len(s)-1]
You’ll get the output:
‘n’
Len() function
is used to
find the
length of the
string.

The expression introduces you to the
len function. There is actually an easier way to
access the last item on the string:
>>>s[-1]
‘n’
To access the penultimate character:
>>>s[-2]
‘o’

TYPES OF STRINGS
What are the types of strings supported
in python?
Python supports two ways
of representation of strings:
1) Single Line Strings.
2) Multi Line Strings.

SINGLE LINE STRINGS
Strings created using single quote or
double quote must end in one line are
called single line strings
For Example:
Item=“Compu
ter” Or
Item=
‘Computer’

MULTI LINE STRINGS
Strings created using single quote or
double quote and spread across
multiple lines are called Multi Line
Strings.
by adding backslash
one can continue to type on next line.
For instance: Item = ‘Key
board’

SIZE OF STRINGS
‘’
‘abc’
“ab”
“Raama’s Laptop”
Size is 1 ( is an
escape sequence)
size is 3
size is 2
size is 13

STRINGS WITH TRIPLE QUOTES
For multi line strings created by triple
quotes, while calculating size, the
EOL(End of Line) character at the end of
line is also counted.
For instance:
Str2=“’x
y
Z”’
Enter keys are
considered
as EOL so size
of str2 is 5

ESCAPE SEQUENCES
Back Slash
Single Quote (‘)

’
” Double Quote (“)

ESCAPE SEQUENCES
ASCII Bell
ASCII Backspace
ASCII Formfeed
a
b
f

ESCAPE SEQUENCES
New Line
Carriage return
Horizontal Tab
n
r
t

ESCAPE SEQUENCES
Vertical Tab
16 bit hex
value
Octal Value
t
x
ooo

Octal Value
ooo
Note: ooo represents 3 octal digits.

2. NUMERICAL LITERALS
Numerical Literals have the
following types:
int or integers
float
Complex
- Whole numbers
- real values
- Complex numbers

INTEGER LITERALS OR CONSTANTS
 Decimal Integer Literals: Any whole
number (+ve) or (-ve).

Octal Integer Literals(base 8): A Sequence of
digits starting with 0O (digit zero followed by
letter o) is taken to be an Octal Integer
Literals.

Hexadecimal Integer Literals (base 16):
Sequence of digits preceded by ox or OX is
hexadecimal integer literals

Binary literals (base 2): To signify binary
literals, you’ll use the prefix ‘0B’ or ‘0b’ (zero
and uppercase or lowercase ‘b’).

Converting Integers to their String
Representation

To convert an integer into its
string
representation, you can use the functions hex(),
bin(), and oct().
To convert the integer 7 to its octal literal, type
and enter oct(7) on the command prompt. You’ll
get the output ‘0o7’:
oct ( )

Here is what happens when you convert
the integer 2572 to a hexadecimal literal:
hex ( )

see what happens when you use the bin()
function to convert the integer 12 to its binary
string:
bin ( )

FLOATING POINT LITERALS OR CONSTANTS

Floating point literals are
also called as real literals having fractional
part.
These may be written in one of the
two forms:
1. Fractional Form: for example 15.75
2. Exponent Form: It consists of two parts
Mantissa and Exponent. for example 5.8 can
be represented as 0.58 x 10-1 = 0.58E01.

Float type

BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.

3) BOOLEAN LITERALS OR CONSTANTS.
A Boolean literal in python is used
to represent the Boolean values (true or
false).

4) SPECIAL LITERAL NONE
The None literal is used to indicate
absence of value.
For example: val = None

5) LITERAL COLLECTIONS
Python supports literal
collections also such as tuple and lists ..etc
It will be to complex to discuss as we are
in the beginning, subsequent chapters we will
cover literal collections.

OPERATORS
What is an operator?
Operators are tokens
that
trigger some
computation when applied to a variable.
that
What is Unary Operator?
Unary operators are those
operators require one operand to
operate upon.
Unary Operators:
+
-
~
not
Unary Plus
Unary Minus
Bitwise Compliment
Logical Negation

OPERATORS
What is Binary Operator?
Binary operators are those operators
that require two operands to
operate upon.
Binary Operators:
+
-
*
/
%
**
//
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder or Modulus
Exponent.
Floor Division

OPERATORS
Bitwise Operators:
&
^
|
Bitwise AND
Bitwise Exclusive OR
Bitwise OR
Shift Operators:
<<
>>
Shift Left
Shift Right

OPERATORS
Relational Operators:
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
Less than
Greater than
Less than equal to
Greater than equal to
Equal to
Not equal to
Logical Operators:
and
or
Logical AND
Logical OR

BINARY OPERATORS EXAMPLE
Exponent
Floor
Division

BITWISE
AND
OPERATO
R
BITWISE AND & OPERATOR EXAMPLE
& operator picks bits exists in both
the operands (common)

BITWISE OR
| OPERATOR
BITWISE OR | OPERATOR
EXAMPLE
| operator picks bits exists in either
the operands ( any one or both )

BITWISE OR EXCLUSIVE ^ EXAMPLE

BITWISE EXCLUSIVE OR ^ OPERATOR EXAMPLE
BITWISE ^
OPERATOR
It picks up bit if it is one operand not in both
(uncommon)

BITWISE ONE’s COMPLIMENT
~ OPERATOR EXAMPLE

BINARY ONE’s COMPLIMENT ~ OPERATOR
EXAMPLE
It is the unary operator which has a flipping
effect.

<< BINARY LEFT SHIFT
OPERATOR EXAMPLE

BINARY << LEFT SHIFT EXAMPLE
The first operand’s value is moved left by the
number of bits specified by the second operand.

<< BINARY RIGHT SHIFT
OPERATOR EXAMPLE

BINARY >> RIGHT SHIFT EXAMPLE
The first operand’s value is moved right by the
number of bits specified by the second operand.

OPERATORS
Assignment Operators:
=
*=
/=
+=
-=
%=
**=
//=
Assignment Operator
Assign Product
Assign Quotient
Assign Sum
Assign Minus
Assign Remainder
Assign Exponent
Assign Floor Division.

DIFFERENT ASSIGNMENT
STATEMENT EXAMPLE

OPERATORS
Membership Operators:
in weather variable in sequence.
not in weather variable not in sequence

PUNCTUATORS
Punctuators are also called as separators
The Followings are used as punctuators:
Brackets [ ]
Parentheses ( )
Braces { }
Comma ,
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Asterisk *
Ellipsis …
=
Equal Sign
Pound Sign
#

GENERAL STRUCTURE
OF
PYTHON PROGRAM

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PYTHON PROGRAM
#Comments

# Write a program to find
square of given number.
def sqr( num ):
result= num *num
print ("Square = " ,
result)
def main():
x=int(input("Enter the number : "))
sqr(x)
main()
Programmer
defined
FUNCTION
main() function
Comment

WHITE SPACE
Whitespace Whitespace is meaningful
in Python, especially indentation and
placement of newlines.
• Use a newline to end a line of code.
• Use when must go to next line
prematurely.
• No braces { } to mark blocks of code in
Python…

WHITE SPACE
• Use consistent indentation instead.
• The first line with less indentation is
outside of the block.
• The first line with more indentation
starts a nested block.
• Often a colon appears at the start of a
new block. (E.g. for function and class
definitions.).

COMMENTS
Comments are non executable
statements in a program.
Single line comment always starts
with #
Multiline comment will be in triple
quotes. For example “’ write a program
to find the simple interest “’.
Note: Triple apostrophe is called
docstrings.

STATEMENTS
In computer terminology statement
refers to an instruction.
Program contains several
statements. A collection of statements
makes program
Another name for a program is
code.

FUNCTIONS
What is function?
Function is a self contained program
segment which carries out some specific
well defined task.
For Example:
def sqr( num ):
result= num *num
print ("Square = " , result)
sqr()

PYTHON PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS

Statement Termination: python does
not use any symbol to terminate the
statement.
Maximum Line Length: Line Length be
maximum 79 characters.
Whitespaces: you should always have
whitespace around operators but not
with parenthesis.

Block or Code Block: A group of
statements which are part of another
statement or function is called Block or
Code Block.
Case Sensitive: Python is case sensitive.

VARIABLES AND ASSIGNMENTS
Named labels are called variables.
For example: marks =86
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068
marks refers to
location 2054

Now marks = 81
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
2000 2016 2018 2026 2032 2044 2048 2050 2054 2068
marks
refers to
location
2026

lvalues & rvalues:
Lvalue:Expressions that is on
LHS (Left Hand Side) is called Lvalue.
Rvalue: Expressions that is on RHS (Right
Hand Side) is called Rvalue.

Multiple Assignments
Python is very versatile
with assignment statements.
to multiple
1. Assigning same
value variables:
a=b=c=d=e=10

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple
variables:
p,q,r =5,10,15
print(q, r) will print 10
15
p,q=q,p
print (p,q) will print 10 5

2. Assigning Multiple values to multiple
variables:
a,b,c = 5,10,7
b,c,a = a+1, b+2, c-1
print(a,b,c) will print 6 6 12
Now,
X=10

Expressions separated by
commas are evaluated from left to
right.
Now,
x = 10
y,y = x+2,x+5
y,y = 12,15
First It will assign y = 12 then y = 15
So print(y) will print 15

Dynamic Typing:
A variable pointing to a
value of certain type can be made to
point to a value/object
this is called Dynamic
of different
type Typing.
x=10
print(x)
x=“ Hello World”
print(x)

Output will be
10
Hello World
10
10
Hello World
x
x

Caution with Dynamic Typing:
x = ‘day’
y = x/2 Error! String can not be divided.

type() function:
To know the data type of a value which is
pointing use type ( )
>>>a=10
>>>type(a)
<class ‘int’>
>>>a=20.4
>>>type(a)
<class ‘float’>
Type returned as integer
Type returned as float

type() function:
To know the data type of a value which is
pointing use type ( )
>>>a=“Hello”
>>>type(a)
<class ‘str’> Type returned as string

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
Input( ) Function is a built in function
of python used to read values from the user
The general format or syntax of the input() is:
Variable_to_hold_the_value=input(mess
age) For Example:
Where,
variable
location
variable_to_Hold_the_Value is a
which is the label for a memory
where the value is stored.

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
For Example:
p = input(“Enter the value”)
x = int(input(“Enter x value”))
reads the value and converts it in to integer
type data or value.
y=float(input(“Enter y value”))
reads the value and converts it in to float type
data or value.

INPUT ( ) FUNCTION
int ( ) and float ( ) Functions:
Python offerstwo functions to be
used with input( ) to convert the
received values:
Example 1: >>age =
int(input(“Enter age”)) Example 2:
>>sal=float(input(“Enter salary))

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
print( ) Function is a built in function of
python used to display the values on the
screen
The general format or syntax of the input() is:
print(*objects, sep=' ', end='n',
file=sys.stdout,
flush=False)
The print function can print an arbitrary
number of values ("value1, value2, ..."), which are
separated by commas. These values are separated
by blanks. In the following example we can see
two print calls. We are printing two values in both
cases, i.e. a string and a float number:

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
print() Parameters:
objects - object to the printed. * indicates that
there may be more than one object
sep - objects are separated by sep. Default
value: ' ‘ end - end is printed at last
file - must be an object with write(string)
method. If omitted it, sys.stdout will be used
which prints objects on the screen.
flush - If True, the stream is forcibly
flushed. Default value: False

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
Example 1: How print() works in Python?
print("Python is fun.")
a = 5
#Two objects are passed: print("a
=", a)
b = a
# Three objects are passed:
print('a =', a, '= b‘)
Output
Python is fun.
a = 5
a = 5 = b

PRINT ( ) FUNCTION
Example 2: How print() works in Python?
>>> print("a = ", a)
a = 3.564
>>> print("a = n", a)
a =
3.564
>>>

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