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§å§ê§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §æ. 14
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- 2. §£ XVII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §Ù§Ñ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §à§Ò§à§â§à§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ñ. §£ 1646 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §ß§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ ?§â§Ñ§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ? §ã§Ú§Ý§Ñ 211 §Ó§à§Ú§ß§à§Ó (185 §ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§î§è§à§Ó §Ú 26 §á§å§ê§Ü§Ñ§â§Ö§Û). §£ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XVII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú §³§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ§ä§ã§Ü§à§Û. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §à§ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§å§ð §å§Ý§Ú§è§å, §á§à §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ñ §Ü §á§Ö§â§Ö§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §£§à§Ý§Ô§å §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ñ §£§à§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§å §Ú §¬§à§ã§ä§â§à§Þ§å.
- 3. §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§Ñ§ñ §å§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó §Á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö ¨C §Õ§à 30 §Þ§Ö§ä§â§à§Ó. §¯§Ñ §ï§ä§à §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§Ý§à §ã§à§ã§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §ã§à §â§Ó§à§Þ §Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ö §Ó§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ã§ä§à§â§Ñ. §©§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ñ §å§Ý§Ú§è§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§à §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ò§ß§à§Û. §µ§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ü§à§Ó §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §Ø§Ú§Ý§î§Ö§Þ, §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù §à§Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú. §¥§à§Þ§Ñ §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú, §Ò§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §£§à§Ý§à§Ô§à§Õ§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ú, §Ù§Ñ §Ü§â§Ö§á§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ §Ó§Ñ§Ý§à§Þ §Ú §â§Ó§à§Þ. §¬§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó §ï§ä§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Û§à§ß§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §ß§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ý§à§ã§î. §§Ú§ê§î §Ó 20 ¡ª 30 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ü§å §ß§Ñ §³§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§Ý§à§ë§Ñ§Õ§Ú (§ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §¬§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û) §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§í §ä§Ö§á§Ý§Ñ§ñ (§Ù§Ú§Þ§ß§ñ§ñ) §Ú §ç§à§Ý§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ (§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ñ§ñ) §è§Ö§â§Ü§Ó§Ú §³§Ö§Þ§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §³§ä§à§Ý§á§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ.
- 4. §£ 1768 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §Á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ö§Ý §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ê§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ø§Ñ§â§à§Ó §Ù§Ñ §Ó§ã§ð §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð. §±§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §å§ß§Ú§é§ä§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ñ §à§Ô§ß§Ö§Þ §Ú §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§Ñ§ñ §å§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ. §¦§Ö §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Ô§à§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ö§Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§ç§à§Õ§í, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§á§è§í §Ú §Ý§Ñ§Ó§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Ý§à §ã§Ó§à§Ú §Õ§à§Þ§Ñ §Ú §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§í §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§á§Ö§Ý§Ú§ë§Ñ§ç. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§à §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ñ. §±§Ý§Ñ§ß 1778 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à. §´§Ñ§Ü, §Õ§Ý§ñ §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û §å§Ý§Ú§è§í, §à§ß §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Õ§ß§í§ç §æ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó. §£ §ï§ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§í §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§Ý§Ú§è§í §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û ¨C §±§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ, §¥§Ó§à§â§Ö§è §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §¥§à§Þ §á§â§Ú§Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Ú §ä.§Õ.
- 5. §¯§Ñ §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û §å§Ý§Ú§è§Ö, §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ö §á§à §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú §å§Ý§Ú§è§í, §Ñ §Ó §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ú§ß§Ö §Õ§Ó§à§â§Ñ. §¬§â§Ñ§ã§ß§å§ð §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §à§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í §ã §æ§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú. §´§Ñ§Ü, §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ú §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§à§Ô§à §á§à§Þ§Ö§ë§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Õ§Ó§à§â§ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ñ §¯.§¡. §¤§à§â§ñ§Ú§ß§à§Ó§Ñ, §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ë§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö. §±§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§ê§Ý§Ñ §Ó§à §Ó§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à§Þ§Ö§ë§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§é§Ö§Ó§Ñ, §Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §Ü§å§á§è§å §£§Ñ§ç§â§Ñ§Þ§Ö§Ö§Ó§å. §£ 1846 ¨C 49 §Ô§Ô. §Ó §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ §Ú§Ù §æ§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§í §Ø§Ú§Ý §¬.§¥. §µ§ê§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û. §¤§à§â§ñ§Ú§ß§à§Ó§å §á§â§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §å§ã§Ñ§Õ§î§Ò§Ñ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ§ã§ñ §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î§ð §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§á§å§ã§Ñ §Á§¤§±§µ §Ú§Þ. §¬.§¥. §µ§ê§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à.
- 6. §£ 1875 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ß§Ñ §å§Ô§Ý§å §å§Ý§Ú§è§í §³§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û (§µ§ê§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à, 38/2), §ß§Ñ§á§â§à§ä§Ú§Ó §£§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ, §Ò§í§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß §à§ã§à§Ò§ß§ñ§Ü, §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö XVIII §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §°§ß §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ó§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§ç §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ. §¿§ä§à §Õ§à§Þ §±§Ö§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ú§è§Ü§à§Ô§à. §¥§à§Þ §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ü§Ú §æ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó §Ý§Ö§á§ß§í§Þ§Ú §å§Ü§â§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §à§æ§à§â§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Ô§Ý§Ñ §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§í§Þ §ï§â§Ü§Ö§â§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ü§å§Ý§î§á§ä§å§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§â§å§á§á§Ñ. §°§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ò§Ñ§â§à§é§ß§í§Þ §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§à§Þ. §¿§ä§à§ä §á§â§Ú§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §ï§ä§à §Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §è§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ú §å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ.
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