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Database Systems
CMP-3440
A Crash Course for newbies

? Why study Database?
? Who Needs to Study Database?
? Overview of Database
? DBMS Architecture & Database Models
? Three Schema Architecture
? Entity Relationship Modeling
? Enhanced Entity Relationship Modeling
? Cardinality Constraints
? Normalization
Course Outline

? Basic Terminologies and Concepts
? Manual File Management Systems Approach
? File Processing Systems Approach
? Database Management System Approach
? Database and its types
? Components of Database Environment
? Database Evolution
? Data Models
Lecture Outline

? Data: Data is a collection of any thing it can be collection of
names of students of class, contacts of person in contact book,
DVDs collection names etc. Data is basically a facts and figures.
? Why we need data ?? Data is as important as any other asset
is valuable. Data is important in lawful decision making.
Example of data in Table is below.
Basic Terminologies

? Information: Processed data yields us information. Or we can
say that information is a useful data which we extracted after
applying any operation or query on data.
? Processing is done under some condition
? Consider a data in table below
Information is that Ahmed and Tariq are 22 years old.
Basic Terminologies
Name Class Age
Ali 10th
21
Ahmed 11th
22
Owais 12th
23
Tariq 14th
22

? Data vs Information : Data is collection of any thing which after processing
gives us useful data which is called Information, we use information to make
decisions.
? Metadata : Metadata is simply a data about data. Metadata contains
information about format of data means what type of data can be stored into
the table and what will be source of data.
In above table we can see the table structure which is described by Names of
fields, Types of fields and length then source is described.
Basic Terminologies
Name Type Length Source
CourseName Alphanumeric 30 Academic
StudentID Integer 10 Student IS
Semester Integer 7 Student IS
Class Alphanumeric 15 Student IS
CGPA Alphanumeric 12 Result Section

Database : Database is a collection of logically related data which can be
shared by multiple users.
Example: Student Information Database
Basic Terminologies

Ledgers and record registers are example of Manual file
management systems. Storing record in MFMS causes lot of
inconvenience.
Disadvantages:
? Data Dependence
? Data Redundancy
? Limited Data Sharing
? Chance of loss
Manual File Management Systems

? File processing systems are just a replacement of
Manual File Management system. It has same
problems as Manual File Management System has.
Disadvantages:
? Data Dependence
? Limited Sharing
? Data Duplication
? Excessive Program Maintenance
? Concurrency Issues
? Atomicity Issues
File Processing Systems

? Database Management system is a solution to problems which
were arising in previously described two systems. Database
Management system uses Database approach to overcome
problems such as data sharing, Data redundancy etc.
Advantages of DBMS
? Data Independence
? Data Sharing Made easy
? Limited Data Redundancy
? Improved Data consistency
Examples of DBMS are MS ACCESS, SQL SERVER, ORACLE etc
Database Management system is a software which manages the
Database and enables us to perform operations on the data.
Database Management System

? Database is a collection of organized and logically related
data which can be shared by multiple users.
? Main Types of Database
? 1.) Centralized Database
? 2.) Distributed Database
? Centralized Database: It is a type of database which is
located on a single location and different users from
different places access this database from a single
location.
? There are again two types of Centralized Database
? 1.) Personal Computer Database
? 2.) Centralized MULTI-USER Database
Database

? Personal Computer Database: It is a type of database
which is installed on only one computer for example a
shopkeeper inventory system on shop uses a personal
computer database.
? It is a low scope database , because it is dedicated to
only one system.
? Central Computer Database: Central computer
database is a type in which there is a central computer
(server) on which database is installed and other
systems which are called (client/dumb terminals) are
connected with this Central computer by any network.
?
Database

Database
Central Computer Database Diagram
Central Computer:
a.) All processing is done by CC.
b.) All load on CC.
c.) CC should be a power ful machine.
Terminals:
a.) Provide only interface.
b.) Not so much powerful systems.
c.) Don��t have load.

? Distributed Database: It is a type of a database
which is located on the more then one
locations. Different users from different
locations access database with the help of
Network.
Database

? Distributed Database: It has again two types.
? Homogenous
? Heterogeneous
? Homogeneous
? ? H/W
? ? OS
? ? DBMS
? ? Data Model*
? ? Data flow
? If all these components are same at all nodes then it is known as homogeneous DB.
? Heterogeneous
? ? H/W
? ? OS
? ? DBMS
? ? Data Model*
? ? Data flow
? If any of these components differ at different levels then such DB is called
heterogeneous DB.
Database

? Advantages of Distributed Database:
? a.) Provides Load Balancing
? b.) Low chances of Data Loss.
? c.) Easy Data Sharing
? d.) Data consistency
Database

? Components of database environment describes those components
which are involved with database could me DB Administrators,
System Developers or End users. They are mostly nine in number.
Detail of them are given below.
Main Components
? Data and Database System Administrators
? System Developers
? End Users
? CASE Tools
? User Interface
? Application Programs
? Repository
? DBMS
? Database
Components of Database
Environment

Environment

? Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools (CASE TOOLS) : Automated tools to design
database and application programs. CASE tools are used for system Requirement analysis
and design.
? Repository: Repository contains a broad set of metadata which is important for managing
database.
? DBMS: A software which is used to manage the database, this management includes the
creation of database upto whole maintenance of DB. DBMS provides the controlled access
to the Database.
? Database: A collection of organized and logically related data which can be shared by
multiple users is known as a database.
? Application Programs: Application Programs are those programs which uses database and
manipulate the database according to there purpose. For instance we develop a Library
Management system application in .Net and for record storing purpose we use Access DB.
Hence Library Management system is a Application Program.
? Database Administrators: DB Administrator is a one who manages a Database.
? System Developers: System Developers are those who develop Application Programs they
use case tools to dug out requirements and design of a application.
? End Users: Suppose a Database is used into an school organization then end users are
those persons who get facilities from the database and to whom services are been
provided.
Environment

? Data model is first step in Database design process
which describe the logical structure of database. It
tells us how data is connected to each other and
how is stored, Processed. It describes what type of
relations will be between data.
? ER Data Model
? Object oriented Data Model
? Network Data Model
? Hierarchical Data Model
Data Models

? 1.1 List four significant differences between a file-
processing system and a DBMS.
? 1.2 This chapter has described several major
advantages of a database system. What are two
disadvantages?
Due Date and Other Details are given on Canvas.
Home Work

? This course has enabled open enrollment.
Students can self-enroll in the course once you
share with them this URL:
? https://canvas.instructure.com/enroll/TFLB7E
How to Join Canvas??

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1588332331-lecture-1-database-systems-overview.pptx

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