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1. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 175
the servo loops may make a solution of acceptable ionic strength (correct conductiv-
ity) but of lethal ionic composition. In this case, the pH monitor or concentrate pump
speed monitor becomes critical. However, not all machines are equipped with pH
monitors and this deadly event will not be diagnosed.
悋惆悋悸 惠惶 忰惠 悗悋慍惘悸 悖悴慍悸 愀惘 惺 悋 悋惠忰 惠 悛悸 惡悋愕愀悸 悋惘慍 惠惷 悋惠 悋悛悋惠
悋惓悋 悋愕惠 悋惆惘悴 悋惘 悋惶悸 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 惠愕惡惡 悖 悴惡 悋惘愃惡悸 悋惶悸 悒
悒悵悋 .惶忰忰悸 愃惘 悋惶悸 悋惠 悒悵悋 悒悵悋惘 悒惶惆悋惘
惠 悒悵悋 悖 悋惡惘惡悋惠 悋忰惷 惆悽悋惠 惺愕 惠
惡悸 悖悸 悸 悵
忰悋 悋悗悋慍惘悸 忰悋惠 惠惶惺 惆 悋惡惘惡悋惠 悛悸 悽悋愀悧悸 惘慍悋惠 悋愕惠悽惆悋
悖 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 惶惡忰 悋忰悋悸 悵 .悋惠悸 悖悸 惡惠惘惡悸 )悋惶忰忰 (悋惠惶
悋惷 愕惘惺悸 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍
惘悋惡悸 惡悖悴慍悸 悴慍悸 悋悛悋惠 愕惠 悵 惺 .悋悖悸 惡悋愃 悋悖惘 悋惘慍悸 悽悸
.悋惠 悋忰惆惓 悵悋 惠愆悽惶 惠 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕
Mixing Device Monitoring
悋悽愀 悴悋慍 惘悋惡悸
The conductivity and pH monitor will verify proper mixing with a fixed-ratio pro-
portioning system.
Equipment using servo-controlled mechanisms requires a diligentand trained staff to
ensure that the proper dialysate concentrate is attached to the proper concentrate
lines on the machine.
悋 悋悽愀 悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸 悋惶悸 愆悋愆悸 愕惠惠忰
悋惠 悋惺惆悋惠 惠惠愀惡 .惓悋惡惠悸 惡愕惡悸 惠愕 惴悋 惺 惶忰忰
惺 愀悋 悋悗悋慍惘悸 悋惠忰 悛悋惠 惠愕惠悽惆
惆悗惡
惡悽愀愀 惠惶 悋悋愕惡 悋愕悋悧 惠惘慍 悖 惠悖惆 惆惘惡
悋悴悋慍 惺 悋悋愕惡悸 悋惠惘慍
.
Composition and Conductivity of Dialysate
悋惆悋悸 惠惶 惠
Analysis of the dialysate for the proper composition is necessary after it has been
mixed and prior to exposing it to the dialyzer and patient. All modern fluid delivery
systems have conductivity cells and meters. Total conductivity of dialysate is mea-
sured as a simple assessment and surrogate for dialysate ionic content.
A conductivity cell is connected to a meter that displays the total ionic concentration
of dialysate. Conductivity cells should be made of high-quality, corrosion-resistant
materials.
Theconductivity of an electrolyte solution increases as the temperature increases.
Con- ductivity cells used to monitor dialysate must be temperature compensated.
惠惺惘惷悋 惡 悽愀悋 惡惺惆 悋惶忰忰 悋惠 悖悴 莍悸惆悋 惠忰 悋惷惘惘
(
(dialyzer
.悋惘惷
惆悋悸 悋悸 悋惶悸 悋愕 惠 .惺惆悋惆悋惠 惶悸 悽悋悋 惺 悋忰惆惓悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 悴惺 惠忰惠
惡愕愀 惠
惡惆
悋 悋悖 悋惠惘慍 惺惘惷 惡悋愕 悋惠惶 悽悸 惠惘惠惡愀 .惆悋悸 悋悖 忰惠
惺悋 悋惆 惶惺悸 悋惠惶 悽悋悋 惠 悖 悴惡 .愕悋悧
悋悴惆悸 悸
惠悛 悋悸
忰 惶悸 惠慍惆悋惆 .
惠 悖 悴惡 .悋忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸 慍悋惆悸 惺 悋悒惠惘惠
惠惺惷
惘悋惡悸 悋愕惠悽惆悸 悋惶悸 悽悋悋 忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸
.悋惆悋悸
2. 176 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Measuring Conductivity
悋惶悸 悋愕
In dialysis, conductivity is usually measured using a two-electrode system. The
electrodes are connected to a constant current and an ammeter (Fig. 13.4).
An electriccurrent is passed through the solution between the electrodes.
The ammeter measuresthe flow of current (the inverse of electrical resistance) that
passes through the solu-tion between the electrodes.
The conductivity measurement is an estimate of the total ionic content of the
dialysate and does not measure or reflect specific ions or electrolytes.
惓悋惡惠 惡惠悋惘 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋悖愀悋惡 惠惘惠惡愀 .悋愀惡 惓悋悧 惴悋 惡悋愕惠悽惆悋 悸惺悋惆 悋惶悸 悋愕惠 悋 愃愕
(悋愆 悋惘惡悋悧 悋惠悋惘 悋愕
13.4
愕 .悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋悖愀悋惡 惡 悋忰 惺惡惘 惘惡悋悧 惠悋惘 惘 .)
悋惘惡悋 悋悋悸 (惺愕 悋惠悋惘 惠惆 悋惠悋惘 悋愕
悋愕 .悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋悖愀悋惡 惡 悋忰 惺惡惘 惘 悋悵 )悧悸
.惺悸 悒惠惘惠悋惠 悖 悖悋惠 惺愕 悖 愕 悋 惆悋悸 悋 悋悖 忰惠 惠惆惘 悋惶悸
The conductivity meters read the conductivity in millimhos per centimeter
(mmhos/cm) or milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm). A range of 12.516.0 mS/cm
is acceptable for a standard dialysate solution. Some facilities prefer a tighter range,
that is, 13. 015.5 mS/cm. The range varies slightly from facility to facility depend-
ing on the dialysate formula in use.
( 愕惠惠惘 惡悋惠惘 悋惶悸 悋惶悸 惺惆悋惆悋惠 惠惘悖
mmhos / cm
愕惠惠惘 愕慍 悖 )
(
mS / cm
愀悋 .)
12.5
-
16.0
愕慍
/
悋愀悋 悋惘悋 惡惺惷 惠惷 .悋愕 愕悋悧 忰 惡 愕
悖 悋悒忰悋 悖惓惘
13
.
0
-
15.5
愕慍
/
悋愀悋 悽惠 .愕
惺 悋惆悋惺惠悋 悖悽惘 悒 愆悖悸 悋
.悋愕惠悽惆悸 悋惆悋悸 惶愃悸
Monitoring Conductivity
悋惶悸 惘悋惡悸
Conductivity meters on dialysis machines have external and internal limits set. Some
machines may have three internal conductivity sensors set at different intervals of
control. The conductivity, or dialysate ionic composition, is so important that this
monitoring redundancy is a commonsense safeguard against single-monitor failure.
The closest tolerance internal high-low limits are set at 賊5%; the last set of conductiv-
ity monitoring may be set at 50% of normal conductivity. If the first two monitors
fail, the patient, without any alarms being triggered, will receive a massive infusion
of hypotonic dialysate. Because different mixtures of ions have different conductivi-
ties, it is mandatory that the dialysate formulas determine the established conductivity
setting.
惓悋惓悸 惺 悋悖悴慍悸 惡惺惷 惠忰惠 惆 .惆悋悽悸 悽悋惘悴悸 忰惆惆 悋 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惺 悋惶悸 惺惆悋惆悋惠
悋悖 悋惠惘惡 悖 悋惶悸 惠惺惠惡惘 .悽惠悸 惠忰 惠惘悋惠 惺 惷惡愀悋 惠 悋惆悋悽 惠惶 愕惠愆惺惘悋惠
悵悋 悖 惆惘悴悸 愃悋悸 悋 悋悖惘 惆悋悸
悋惘悋惡悸 悋惠惘悋惘
忰悋悸
悋惺惘惷 悴悋慍 愆 惷惆 愀悸
惺惆 惠愕悋忰 悋悖惘惡 悋悽惷悸 悋惺悋悸 悋惆悋悽悸 悋忰惆惆 惠惺 惠 .悋惘惆
賊
5
悴惺悸 悛悽惘 惷惡愀 惠 惆 扞
惺 悋惠惶 惘悋惡悸
50
惆 悋惘惷 愕惠 愆悋愆惠 悖 愆 忰悋悸 .悋惺悋惆悸 悋惶悸 扞
悋 悋悋悧 悋惡惠愕惘 悒悵悋惘悋惠 悖 悒愀悋
悋 悋悖悋惠 悋悽惠悸 悋悽悋悧愀 悖 悋惴惘 .悋惠惠惘 悽惷悸 惆悋悸
悽惠悸 惶悋惠
悋惷惘惘
.悋忰惆惆悸 悋惠惶悸 悒惺惆悋惆悋惠 悋惆悋悸 惶愃 惠忰惆惆 悖
3. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 177
Conductivity Monitor. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual,
7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
11 12 13 14 15 16
mS/cm
+
Figure 13.4
4. 178 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
It is now mandatory to perform and document an independent conductivity test
prior to preparing the dialyzer for patient use and before the dialysis treatment is
initiated. There are several methods available to perform an independent analysis of
the machines conductivity. The most common method is to use a portable conduc-
tivity meter that measures the total conductivity. Laboratory analysis that measures
each electrolyte level can also be done.
惠 愕惠 惶悸 悋悽惠惡悋惘 悒悴惘悋悄 悋悛 悋惷惘惘 悖惶惡忰
悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惠忰惷惘 惡 惓
.悋悛悸 惶悸 愕惠 惠忰 悒悴惘悋悄 惠悋忰悸 愀惘 惺惆悸 悋 .悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 惡惆悄 惡 悋惘惷 悋愕惠悽惆悋
悒悴惘悋悄 悋惷悖 .悋悸 悋惶悸 愕 悋悵 悋忰 悋惶悸 悋愕 悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惺愆 悋悖惓惘 悋愀惘悸
愕 悋悵 悋悽惠惡惘 悋惠忰
.惡悋惘惡悋悄 愕惠
When using independent analysis, be sure the reference conductivity meter is
calibrated accurately prior to use. All standard solutions should be fresh and render
acceptable readings.
悖 悴惡 .悋悋愕惠悽惆悋 惡 惡惆悸 悋惘悴惺悸 悋惶悸 悋愕 惺悋惘悸 惠悖惆 愕惠 惠忰 悋愕惠悽惆悋 惺惆
忰惆惓悸 悋悋愕悸 悋忰 悴惺 惠
惠惆
.惡悸 惘悋悄悋惠
If independent verification of the dialysate conductivity does not validate the
conductivity meter, do not dialyze the patient with that machinery. A complete reso-
lution of the problem is necessary before dialysis. Failure to resolve a problem prior
to dialysis will only invite a potential disaster. It is best to bring in another dialysis
machine and start over.
惡悵 悋惘惷 惡愃愕 惠 悋 悋惶悸 悋愕 悋惆悋悸 惶悸 悋愕惠 悋惠忰 惠忰 悒悵悋
惡 悋 愆悸 忰 悋愆 悗惆 .悋 愃愕 惡 愆悸 悋 忰 悒悴悋惆 悋惷惘惘 .悋悋悸
悋惡惆悄 悛悽惘 愃愕 悴悋慍 悒忰惷悋惘 悋悖惷 .忰惠悸 悋惘惓悸 悒 悒悋 悋 愃愕
.悴惆惆
All facilities must have an established acceptable conductivity range, and this
range must be publicly posted. Any deviation in the conductivity limits set should
cause a conductivity alarm.
悴惡 惓悋惡惠 惡 惶悸 愀悋 悋惘悋 悴惺 悖 悴惡
惠愕惡惡 悖 悴惡 .悋惺 悋愀悋 悵悋 愆惘
.悋惠惶 悒悵悋惘 悋惺悸 悋惶悸 忰惆惆 悋忰惘悋 悖
A conductivity alarm causes three actions on the dialysismachine:
an audible alarm, a visual alarm, and activation of the bypass system.
悋惶悸 悒悵悋惘 惠愕惡惡
惘悧 悒悵悋惘 愕惺 悒悵悋惘 :悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 惺 悒悴惘悋悄悋惠 惓悋惓悸 忰惆惓
.悋悋惠悋悸 惴悋 惠惺
The bypass system diverts the dialysate to the drain before it can enter the dialy-
sate inflow line leading to the dialyzer. Thus, exposure of the patients blood in the
dialyzer to an incorrect or unsafe dialysate composition is avoided.
悋惠悴悋慍 惴悋
悴悋慍 悒 悋悗惆 悋愕悋悧 惠惆 悽愀 惆悽 惠惠 悖 惡 悋惶惘 悒 悋惆悋悸 惡惠忰
愃惘 惆悋悸 惠惘惡悸 悒 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悋惘惷 惆 惠惺惘惷 惠悴惡 惠 惡悋惠悋 .悋 愃愕
惶忰忰悸
.悛悸 愃惘 悖
No Intradialytic Conductivity Adjustments
Only a qualified and trained machine technician should adjust the external or internal
conductivity limits. Under no circumstances should they be adjusted during the
dialysis treatment. They must be properly adjusted and preset before the dialysis
treatment. Serious and fatal accidents have occurred as a result of improper adjust-
ments of the conductivity limits.
悋惠忰 惆悋悽 悋惠惶 惠惺惆悋惠 惠悴惆 悋
悋悗 悋悋悸 悖 悴惡
悖 惠忰惠 .悋惆悋悽悸 悖 悋悽悋惘悴悸 悋惶悸 忰惆惆 惡惷惡愀 愀 悋惆惘惡
惡 惶忰忰 惡愆 悋愕惡 悒惺惆悋惆悋 惠惺惆悋 悴惡 .悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 悖惓悋悄 惠惺惆悋 惡愃 悋 悋惴惘 惴惘
.悋惠惶 忰惆惆 悋悧 愃惘 惷惡愀 惠悴悸 惠悸 悽愀惘悸 忰悋惆惓 忰惆惓惠 .悋 愃愕 惺悋悴
5. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 179
Low Conductivity
悋
悋悽惷悸 惶悸
A low-conductivity alarm is the most common type of conductivity alarm (Fig. 13.5).
The usual cause is a lack of concentrate in one or both acid and bicarbonate
concentrate containers. Rarely, a low-conductivity alarm is due to incorrect dialysate
concentrate.
(悋愆 悋惺愆 悋惶悸 悒悵悋惘 悖悋惺 悖惓惘 悋悽惷悸 悋惶悸 悒悵悋惘 悒
13.5
惶 悋惺惠悋惆 悋愕惡惡 .)
悋悽惷悸 悋惶悸 悒悵悋惘 悋 悋悋惆惘 .惡惘惡悋惠 悋忰惷 惠惘慍 忰悋悋惠 惠悋 悖 悋忰惆悸 悋惠惘慍
.惶忰忰 愃惘 愕悋悧 惠惘慍 惺 悋悴悋惠
If the internal or external low conductivity limits are not adjusted properly and/
or the machine does not go into the bypass mode, the patients blood is exposed to
hypotonic dialysate. Exposure to hypotonic dialysate can be fatal within a few
minutes. Hypotonic dialysate causes a hypoosmolar state, and even without acute
hemolysis, water intoxication can occur, which can also be lethal.
悋悛悸 惠惆悽 悖 / 惶忰忰 惡愆 悋悽悋惘悴悸 悖 悋惆悋悽悸 悋悽惷悸 悋惶悸 忰惆惆 惷惡愀 惠 悒悵悋
惠惺惘惷 悋惘惷 惆 悒 悋悴悋慍悸 惷惺
惆悋悸 悋惠惺惘惷 悖 .悋惠惠惘 悽惷 悋惆悋悸 愃愕
惡惆 忰惠 悋惆 惶 忰悋悸 悋惠惠惘 悽惷悸 悋惆悋悸 惠愕惡惡 .惆悋悧 惡惷惺 愃惷 悋悋惠 悋惠惠惘 悋惶
.悋惠 悋惷悖 悖 悋悵 惡悋悋悄 惠愕 忰惆惓 悖 悋忰悋惆 悋惆 悋忰悋
Low-Conductivity Monitoring
There must be an adequate amount of dialysate concentrate in the container(s) before
starting dialysis. Dialysis staff should not rely on the conductivity meter to monitor
dialysate concentrate supplies.
悋悽惷悸 悋惶悸 惘悋惡悸
.悋 愃愕 惡惆悄 惡 )(悋忰悋悋惠 悋忰悋悸 悋 愃愕 惘慍悋惠 悋悸 悸 悋 悖 悴惡
悋 愃愕 惴 惡愃 悋
惺 悋悋惺惠悋惆
.悋 愃愕 惠惘慍 悒惆悋惆悋惠 惘悋惡悸 悋惶悸 悋愕
Low-Conductivity Alarm. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
11 12 13 14 15 16
mS/cm
+
Figure 13.5
6. 180 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
True, if the dialysis machine goes into the bypass mode, there is no harm to the
patient. But, when the dialysis machine is in the bypass mode, no dialysis is taking
place and the time lost on dialysis is rarely, if ever, made up with a longer dialysis
time the next dialysis session. If one accepts that the average dialysis in the United
States comprises not the maximal amount of dialysis time, but probably the minimal
amount of dialysis time, placing the dialysis machinery in bypass routinely will
shorten the patients life span.
惠 惺惆悋 .惘惷 惷惘惘 悋 悋悋惠悋悸 惷惺 悋 愃愕 悛悸 惆悽惠 悒悵悋 惶忰忰
愃愕 悛悸
悋 愃愕 悋惷悋悧惺 悋惠 惠惺惷 惠 悋 悋悋惆惘 悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 惠 悋 悋悋惠悋悸 惷惺 悋
悋 悋惠忰惆悸 悋悋悋惠 悋 愃愕 惠愕愀 悖 悋惘悄 惡 悒悵悋 .悋惠悋悸 悋 愃愕 悴愕悸 悖愀 愃愕 惡惠
惘惡悋 悋 愃愕 惠 悋悖惶 悋忰惆 愆
愃愕 悛悸 惷惺 悒 悋 愃愕 惠 悋悖惆 悋忰惆
.悋惘惷 惺惘 愕惶惘 惘惠 惡愆 悋悴悋慍悸 悋
Most new model fluid-delivery machines have timers that stop with a dialysate
circuit alarm. This ensures that the patient receives their allocated time on
dialysis.
悖 惷 悵悋 .悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 惡悒悵悋惘 惠惠 悗惠悋惠 惺 悋悴惆惆悸 悋悵悴悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悛悋惠 惺惴 惠忰惠
悋惘惷 惠
悋悽惶惶 悋惠
.悋 愃愕
High Conductivity
悋惺悋悸 悋惶悸
High-conductivity alarms (Fig. 13.6) can result from
inadequate water flow to the proportioning system,
untreated incoming water with an excess of calcium,
or incorrect hook-up of dialysate concentrate to the dialysis machine (if using
servo-controlled mechanisms) and sodium modeling.
悋惶悸 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惠惠悴 悖
(悋愆 悋惺悋悸
13.6
悖 悋惠悋愕惡 惴悋 悒 悋悋 惠惆 悋悸 惺惆 惺 )
悋 愃愕 惘慍 悋惡悋愆惘 悋惠惶 悖 悋悋愕 悋悧惷 惺 惠忰惠 悋惠 悋惺悋悴悸 愃惘 悋悋惘惆悸 悋悋
悋惶惆 悵悴悸 ) 悋悗悋慍惘 悋惠忰 悛悋惠 悋愕惠悽惆悋 忰悋悸 ( 悋 愃愕 惡悛悸
Newer-model fluid delivery systems will not go into conductivity with incorrect
hook-ups.
.惶忰忰悸 愃惘 惶悋惠 惺 悋惶悸 悋悖忰惆惓 悋愀惘悋慍 悵悋惠 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 惠惆悽 .
With older machines, a common, serious cause of high conductivity occurs when
two acid concentrate containers are connected to the dialysis machine instead of one
acid container to the acid port and one bicarbonate container to the bicarbonate port.
If the dialysis machine goes into bypass mode, there is no harm to the patient.
However, if the internal or external high-conductivity limits have not been set cor-
rectly, the patients blood is exposed to hypertonic dialysate and possibly hyperos-
molar coma.
惠惶 惠 惺惆悋 悋惺悋悸 惠惶悸 悽愀惘 愆悋悧惺 愕惡惡 忰惆惓 悋惆悸 悋悛悋惠 惺
慍惘 忰悋惠
惡悋悄 悋忰惆悸 惡惘惡悋惠 忰悋悸 悋忰惷 惡悵 悋忰惆悸 忰惷 忰悋悸 悋惡惆 悋 愃愕 惡悛悸 悋忰惷
惠忰惆惆 惠 悒悵悋 悵 惺 .惘惷 惷惘惘 悋 悋悋惠悋悸 惷惺 悋 愃愕 悛悸 惆悽惠 悒悵悋 .悋惡惘惡悋惠
惡愆 悋悽悋惘悴悸 悖 悋惆悋悽悸 悋惺悋悸 悋惶悸 忰惆惆
惠惺惘惷 悋惘惷 惆 悒 惶忰忰
悋惠惠惘 惘愀悸 惆悋悸
.悋 惘愀悸 愃惡惡悸 惘惡悋
New model fluid-delivery systems have automatic built-in adjustment of conduc-
tivity limits for sodium variation, which causes an increase in conductivity. If
sodium variation is done incorrectly, the patient will leave dialysis thirsty, in a
hyperosmolar state, and attempt to relieve that thirst with free water. That will result
in a marked expansion of their extracellular volume (ECV), and possibly malignant
8. 182 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
High-Conductivity Alarm. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
High-Conductivity Monitoring
悋惺悋悸 悋惶悸 惘悋惡悸
If a conductivity alarm occurs during the dialysis treatment, the bypass mode is
activated. While correcting the alarm condition, the dialysis staff must not adjust the
external or internal conductivity limits. Adjusting the conductivity limits during an
alarm condition overrides the bypass mode and endangers the patients life. If the
alarm situation cannot be corrected, the treatment must be stopped and the patient
moved to another dialysis machine.
惷惺 惠愆愀 惠 悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 悖惓悋悄 悋惠惶 悒悵悋惘 忰惆惓 忰悋悸
悋
惠悴悋慍
悋悒悵悋惘 忰悋悸 惠惶忰忰 悖惓悋悄 .
悋惶悸 忰惆惆 惷惡愀 悗惆 .悋惆悋悽悸 悖 悋悽悋惘悴悸 悋惶悸 忰惆惆 惡惷惡愀 悋 愃愕 愀悋 悖悋 悴惡
悋惠悴悋慍 惷惺 惠悴悋慍 悒 悋悒悵悋惘 忰悋悸 悖惓悋悄
悋悒悵悋惘 忰悋悸 惠惶忰忰 惠惺悵惘 悒悵悋 .悽愀惘 悋惘惷 忰悋悸 惺惘惷
.悛悽惘 愃愕 悴悋慍 悒 悋惘惷 悋惺悋悴 悒悋 悴惡
AcidBase (pH) Control
)悋惆惘悴 (悋悖愕 悋悋惺惆悸 悋忰惷 悋惠忰
Newer-model fluid-delivery systems will not go into conductivity if the pH is too
high or too low. However, the majority of dialysis clinics perform independent pH
tests before each dialysis. Fluid delivery machines using bicarbonate dialysate may
or may not have pH monitors. There may be a pH meter on the front panel dialysis
display with lights that activate when an alarm condition occurs.
悖 悋惆悴 悋惺惘惠 悋惆惘悴 悋惘 悋 悒悵悋 悋惶悸 悋悖忰惆惓 悋愀惘悋慍 悵悋惠 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 惠惆悽
悋愕惠悸 悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸 悋悽惠惡悋惘悋惠 惡悒悴惘悋悄 惠 悋 愃愕 惺悋惆悋惠 愃悋惡悸 悒 悵 惺 .悋惆悴 悋惷悽
惡
悖悴慍悸 惺 惠忰惠 悋 悖 悋惡惘惡悋惠 惆悋悸 惠愕惠悽惆 悋惠 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悛悋惠 惠忰惠 惆 . 愃愕
惺 悋悖悋悸 悋 愃愕 愆悋愆悸 惺 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 悋愕 悋 惆 .悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 惘悋惡悸
.悒悵悋惘 忰悋悸 忰惆惓 惺惆 惠愆愀 悖惷悋悄
Monitoring AcidBase (pH)
The pH of dialysate is commonly checked by use of a pH paper test strip or bicar-
bonate pH test strips. With the pH paper test strips, the color change of the dialysate-
soaked test strip is compared with a list of colors for various pH values. The
bicarbonate pH test strips interpret the results by comparing the indicator pad to the
11 12 13 14 15 16
mS/cm
+
Figure 13.6
9. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 183
color chart on bottle label. Acceptable range for test results is a pH of 7.5 賊 0.5
(7.08.0). If the pH is below or above the acceptable limits and the conductivity
meter is within acceptable limits, the dialysis should not be carried out. Both the pH
and conductivity must be in acceptable limits before initiating dialysis.
愆惘悋悧愀 悖 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 惘 悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘愀 惡悋愕惠悽惆悋 惆悋悸 悋惆惘悴 悋惘 忰惶 惠 悋 惺悋惆悸
悋忰 惆惘悴悸 悋悽惠惡悋惘
惠愃惘 悋惘悸 惠惠 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 惘 悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘悋悧愀 惡悋愕惠悽惆悋 .悋惡惘惡悋惠 惷悸
悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘悋悧愀 惠愕惘 .悋悽惠悸 悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 悋悖悋 悋悧悸 惺 惡悋惆悋悸 悋惺 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘 愆惘愀
悋 悋悖悋 惡悽愀愀 悋悗愆惘 忰悸 悋惘悸 悽悋 悋惠悋悧悴 惡惘惡悋惠 悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸
惶 惺 悴惆
悋惆惘悴 悋悖愕 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘 惠悋悧悴 悋惡 悋愀悋 .悋慍悴悋悴悸
7.5
賊
0.5
(
7.0-8.0
悋惘 悋 悒悵悋 .)
悋 悋惡悸 悋忰惆惆 惷 悋惘惡悋悧悸 悋惶悸 悋愕 悋 悋惡悸 悋忰惆惆 悖惺 悖 悖 悋惆惘悴
悋悖愕 悖 悴惡 .悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 惡愃
悋惡惆悄 惡 惡悸 忰惆惆 悋惠惶 悋惆惘悴
.悋 愃愕