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Islamic Empires – 1500-1800 CE

The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)
 Osman leads bands of semi-nomadic Turks
to become ghazi (Muslim religious warriors)
 Captures Anatolia (Asia Minor) with light
cavalry and volunteer infantry
 In Balkans, forced Christian families to
surrender young boys to military service
 Became exceptional Janissaries
 Mehmed II (the Conqueror) r. 1451-1481CE
 Renamed Constantinople, Istanbul
 Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566CE)
 Expanded into Asia and Europe
 Developed a naval power

The Safavid Empire
 Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din (1252-1334)
 Ismail young military leader, r. 1501-1524
 Orphaned, parents killed by enemies
 Proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism
 Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad
 12th imam in hiding, ready to take power
 Wore distinctive red hat
 ‘Abbas (1588) greatest of Shahs
 Strengthened the military – use of gunpowder
 Enslaved Russian youth to be trained fighters

The Mughal Empire
 Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur), invades
northern India for plunder, 1523
 Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage
 Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty
 Expands through most of Indian subcontinent
 Akbar (r. 1556-1605): Grandson of Babur
 Created centralized government
 Destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar
 Religiously tolerant, promoted debate between
differing religions (especially Muslims and Hindus)

Other Mughal Emperors/Shahs
 Jahangir (Akbar’s son)
 Rebelled against and reconciled with Akbar
 Fought against Sikhs (blend of Hindu & Islam)
 Shah Jahan: son of Jahangir
 Built the Taj Mahal (tomb for his wife)
 New Capital at Dehli (heavily taxed people)
 Aurangzeb: son of Jahan
 Expands Mughal empire into southern India
 Hostile to Hinduism
 Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques
 Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion

Religious Diversity of Islamic
Empires
 Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews
 Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
 Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
Christians, Sikhs
 Mughal Akbar most tolerant
 Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian
exclusivity
 Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving
“Divine Faith”

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
 Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol
Yuan dynasty driven out
 Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398)
 Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number
of eunuchs to maintain control
 Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with sea
expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter
Mongol attacks
 Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol
names, dress
 Support study of Confucian classics
 Civil service examinations renewed

The Great Wall of China
 Origins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty
in 3rd century BCE
 Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries
 1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high
 Guard towers; Room for housing soldiers

Ming Decline and Collapse
 Decline
 16th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade
 Navy, government unable to respond effectively
 Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace
compound in Beijing
 Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial
activity to eunuchs
 Collapse
 Rebels take Beijing in 1644
 Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city
 Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
 Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of
Great Wall
 Chieftain Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes
into state, develops laws, military
 Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China
 War with Ming loyalists to 1680
 Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming
corruption
 Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu
language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles
as sign of loyalty

Qing Emperors
 Kangxi (r.1661-1722)
 Confucian scholar, poet
 Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia
 Emperor Qianlong (r.1736-1795)
 Expands territory
 Height of Qing dynasty
 Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several
occasions
 “Son of Heaven” – quasi-divine emperors
 Hundreds of concubines; thousands of eunuchs
 Clothing designs and name characters forbidden to the
rest of the population

Qing Culture
 Scholar bureaucrats
 Intense Civil Service Exams – open to anyone (men)
 Confucian classics, calligraphy, history
 Three-days of uninterrupted examinations
 Literacy Rates improved
 Opportunity for greater social mobility
 Family and Gender Relations
 Filial Piety was understood as child’s duty
 Eldest son was honored above the rest
 Footbinding was aesthetic and class based

Chinese Trade during Ming and
Qing
 Was once one of the greatest in the world
 Stagnated during the 16th to 20th century
 Government placed restrictions on technological
advancements – fear of social instability
 Maintained trade in SE Asia and some w/ the Dutch
 Imported very little – was paid with silver from Americas
 Exports included: silk, porcelain, tea, spices

Neo-Confucianism and Christianity
 Neo-Confucianism: version of Confucian thought
promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE)
 Confucian morality with Buddhist logic
 Education at various levels promoted
 Christianity
 Nestorians and Roman Catholics had a presence,
but were never exclusive
 Jesuit, Matteo Ricci, attempted to convert Emperor
Wanli – brought some western technology

Japan’s Warrior Society
 12th c. CE – government had lost power - local clans
began to fight for control
 Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries
 Large landholders with private armies (samurai)
 Emperor merely a figurehead
 Constant civil war: 16th century sengoku, “country at war”
 Control of Daimyo (Great Names)
 Approx. 260 independent territorial lords
 Shogun requires leaders alt. attendance (every other year)
 Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations

Tokugawa Shogunate
 Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) est. military govt.
 Bakufu: “tent government” – pyramid hierarchy
 Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)
 Relations with the West
 Increased trade with Europeans (esp. Portuguese)
 By 1650 allowed only trade with the Dutch
 Feudal Culture
 Haiku poetry – 3 lines, 17 syllables
 Kabuki drama – could last all day (stylized dance & song)

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