2. Introduction to Biotechnology
Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms.
Any technique that uses living organisms or
substances from those organisms to make or
modify a product, to improve plants or animals,
or to develop micro- organisms for specific uses. 牋牘牋む牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋む牋 牋萎牋鉦芦 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿
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牋伍鮎牋逗牋牘牋む牋む牋む.
6. Introduction to Biotechnology
Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or
recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes
from a location in one organism and either.
Transferring them to another organism.
Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations.
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牋牋牋牋÷.
9. Biotechnology is defined as the Application of Scientific
and Engineering principles to the processing of material
by biological agents to provide goods and services.
The Spinks Report (1980) defined biotechnology as the
application of biological organisms, systems or processes to
the manufacturing and service industries. United States
Congresss Office of Technology
Assessment defined biotechnology as any technique that
used living organisms to make or modify a product, to
improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms
for specific uses.
11. The oldest biotechnological processes are found in
microbial fermentations, as born out by a Babylonian tablet
circa 6000 B.C. unearthed in 1881 and explaining the
preparation of beer.
In about 4000 B.C. leavened bread was produced with the
aid of yeast.
The Sumerians were able to brew as many as twenty types
of beer in the third millennium B.C. In the 14th century,
first vinegar manufacturing industry was established in
France near Orleans.
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12. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to
develop or make useful products, or "any technological
application that uses biological systems, living organisms
or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processesfor specific use
European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has defined
biotechnology as The integration of natural science
and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular
analoguesfor products and services.
16. Two important technique which enable development of modern
biotechnology:
1. Alteration of chemistry of DNA & RNA to introduce into host
organism to change phenotype of host- Geneticengineering
2. Maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of desired
microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for manufacture of
biotechnological products like vaccine, enzymes, beverages,
drugs etc.- Chemical engineering
18. Asexual reproduction in organism preserves geneticinformation
Sexual reproduction (hybridization) leads to variation- includes
undesirable gene with desirable gene
Genetic engineering- isolate & introduce only one or set of desirable
genes without introducing undesirable genes in target organism
Techniques of genetic engineering- creation of recombinant
DNA, use of gene cloning & gene transfer to host
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)/ alien DNA- cannot multiply itself
until integrated in host genome
When inherited in host DNA- ability to replicate due to originof
replication (host DNA)- initiates replication
Alien DNA- linked with host DNA replicates & multiply itself
along with host DNA- Cloning
22. Basic steps involved in process
Isolating
genomic
DNA
Isolating
genomic DNA
from the donor.
Fragmenting
this DNA
Fragmenting
this DNA using
molecular
scissors.
23. Basic steps involved in process
Insertion of
DNA in a
vector
Screening
the
fragments
Screening the
fragments for a
desired gene.
Inserting the
fragments with the
desired gene in a
cloning vector.
24. Basic steps involved in process
in Host
Culturing
the cells
Transformation
of host cell
Introducing the recombinant
Introducing vector into a competent host
cell
Culturing these cells to obtain
multiple copies or clones of
desired DNA fragments
Using these copies to
transform suitable host cells
so as to express the desired
gene.
25. Biotechnology led to production of many products and
provides many services for human welfare.
26. 2. Scope of Biotechnology:
Genetic engineering in biotechnology stimulated hopes for both
therapeutic proteins, drugs and biological organisms themselves,
such as seeds, pesticides, engineered yeasts, and modified human
cells for treating genetic diseases.
The field of genetic engineering remains a heated topic of discussion
in todays society with the advent of gene therapy, stem cell research,
cloning, and genetically-modified food.
Biotechnology is the applied science and has made advances in two
major areas, viz., molecular biology and production of industrially
important bio-chemical.
The scientists are now diverting themselves toward biotechnological
companies; this has caused the development of many
biotechnological industries.
28. These companies are working for human welfare and opted following
areas for research and development:
(a) Automated bio-screening for therapeutic agents.
(b) Bio-processing alkenes to valuable oxides and glycols.
(c) Developing immobilized cell and enzyme systems for chemical
process industries.
(d) Engineering of a series of organisms for specific industrial use.
(e) Genetical improvement of microorganisms for production of
pharmaceutical products.
(f) Human gene therapy.
(g) Improved production of Vitamin B12.
(h) Large-scale production of fructose from inexpensive forms of
glucose.
(i) Manufacturing ethanol by continuous fermentation.
(j) Microbiological based production of human insulin
31. 3. Applications: Industrial Applications of Biotechnology:
The industrial application of molecular biotechnology is often
subdivided, so that we speak of red, green, gray or white
biotechnology.
This distinction relates to the use of the technology in the medical
field (in human and animal medicine), agriculture, the environment
and industry.
Some companies also apply knowledge deriving from molecular
biotechnology in areas that cut across these distinctions (e.g., in red
and green biotechnology, sequencing services).
According to an investigation by Ernst and Young relating to the
German biotech industry, 92% of companies are currently (2004)
working in the field of red biotechnology, 13% in green, and 13% in
gray or white biotechnology