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18. biotechnology introduction
Introduction to Biotechnology
Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms.
 Any technique that uses living organisms or
substances from those organisms to make or
modify a product, to improve plants or animals,
or to develop micro- organisms for specific uses. 牋牘牋む牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋む牋 牋萎牋鉦芦 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿
牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦阿牘 牋謹鮎牋伍牋む牋む牋 牋牋牘牋о阿牘牋む芦牋牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牋÷或牋.
 牋牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋,
牋牘牋牋牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗牋む牋む圧牘牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋萎牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋
牋牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋
牋牘牋朽牋 牋牘牋逗牋÷或 牋牘牋朽牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋牋牋鉦旭牋鉦鮎 牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牘 牋蹏牘牋牋
牋伍鮎牋逗牋牘牋む牋む牋む.
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
Introduction to Biotechnology
Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or
recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes
from a location in one organism and either.
Transferring them to another organism.
Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations.
 牋牋牘牋牘牋朽牋 牋む鮎牋萎牋牋鉦旭牘牋牋 牋牋牘牋牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋 recomb 牋伍牋牘牋
DNA 牋伍牋牘牋む或牋牋 牋牋牋牋鉦旭牘.
 牋牋牘牋牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋牋牘牋牋 牋牋 牋牘牋朽或牋迦牋牋 牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牘牋謹 牋牘牋牋牋÷或 牋牋牋牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋牋む牋牋牘
牋牋牘牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘牋 牋む牋伍牋牘牋朽亜牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牋牋牋牋.牋朽鮎牋牋逗姶牋 牋牋萎牋
牋牘牋朽或牋牋 牋牋牋逗芦牘 牋牘牋牋÷.牋朽牋萎牋朽牋萎 牋牋牋牋逗姶牘牋劇姶牋 牋迦 牋朽鮎牋牋逗姶牋 牋牋伍芦牘 牋牘牋朽或牋迦牋牋 牋む或牋萎牋
牋牋牋牋÷.
Introduction to Biotechnology
18. biotechnology introduction
Biotechnology is defined as the Application of Scientific
and Engineering principles to the processing of material
by biological agents to provide goods and services.
The Spinks Report (1980) defined biotechnology as the
application of biological organisms, systems or processes to
the manufacturing and service industries. United States
Congresss Office of Technology
 Assessment defined biotechnology as any technique that
used living organisms to make or modify a product, to
improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms
for specific uses.
Introduction to Biotechnology
 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋朽宛牘牋 牋朽牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽芦牋牘 牋牋逗牋牋о或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽宛牋逗牋牋逗牋
牋蹏牋逗牋牋迦 牋牋牋鉦旭牋鉦鮎 牋 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋伍牋む牋伍牋む或牋牋牘牋牘 牋謹鮎牋伍牋む牋む牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋伍牋む鮎牋 牋
牋牋牘牋朽旭牋む姶牋逗 牋牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋鉦旭牘.
 牋伍牋む葵牋逗牋牘牋伍 牋萎葵牘牘 牋萎牋牋 (1980) 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦, 牋朽渥牋朽宛牋鉦芦牘 牋迦牋牋
牋牋鉦牋逗或牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽鮎 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋迦牘 牋牋牋朽渥牋逗牋牋÷或牋 牋牋牋
牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋逗牋牋. 牋牘牋牘牋牘牋÷ 牋伍牋む牋牋牘牋伍 牋牋鉦或牋牋牋逗宛牘 牋牋牘牋伍 牋牋牘
牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋牋伍牋む牋伍牘牋牘牋逗牋牘牋呉 牋牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘
牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋, 牋牘牋牋牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗牋む牋む圧牘牋迦姶牘
牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋萎牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋 牋牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘
牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牋 牋蹏牘牋牋 牋伍鮎牋逗牋牘牋む牋む牋む
The oldest biotechnological processes are found in
microbial fermentations, as born out by a Babylonian tablet
circa 6000 B.C. unearthed in 1881 and explaining the
preparation of beer.
In about 4000 B.C. leavened bread was produced with the
aid of yeast.
The Sumerians were able to brew as many as twenty types
of beer in the third millennium B.C. In the 14th century,
first vinegar manufacturing industry was established in
France near Orleans.
 牋牘牋萎鮎牋む姶 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋 牋牋逗娃牘牘 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦 牋牋牋逗葵牋逗宛牋 牋牋, 牋牋牋
牋牋鉦穐牋逗芦牘牋牋逗渥牋牘 牋牋鉦穐牘牋迦芦 牋牘 牋伍或牋萎鮎牘 6000 B.C. 1881 牋迦 牋牋牘牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋萎 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘牋牋
牋朽或牋朽旭牋伍牋 牋牘牋牋鉦旭牘.
 牋伍牋牋鉦旭牘 4000 牋牋.牋伍牋. 牋牘牋迦或牋牋牘牋牋牋牋 牋萎牋牘牋 牋牋伍牋 牋伍姐牋鉦渥牋逗牋む 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋牘牋牋牋÷或牋逗牋牋.牋牘牋÷圧
牋牋逗芦牘牋牋逗渥牋逗 B.C 牋迦 牋伍牋牘牋萎渥牋牘牘 牋牋萎圧牘 牋萎牋鉦芦 牋牘牋萎牋迦姶牘 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋牋迦或牋牋鉦旭牘. 14 牋
牋謹牋む鮎牋牋逗或牋牋迦, 牋牘牋牘牋牋 牋朽或牋牋牋鉦旭牘牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋牘牘牘牋迦 牋牋萎牘牋牘牘 牋伍握牘牋牋逗牋迦 牋伍鮎牋 牋牋逗牋牋牋÷或牋逗牋牋
 Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to
develop or make useful products, or "any technological
application that uses biological systems, living organisms
or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processesfor specific use
 European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has defined
biotechnology as The integration of natural science
and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular
analoguesfor products and services.
 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋朽姶 牋朽牋朽宛牋 牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋牋萎握牘 牋
牋牋む葵牋む牋む鮎 牋迦姶牘牋 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋逗或 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 "牋牘牋
牋朽牋朽宛牋 牋迦, 牋牘牋朽牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋朽鮎牋牋 牋牋む葵牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋逗牋牘 牋蹏牘 牋牘牋 牋伍牋牘牋む或牋
牋牋牘牋牋朽旭牋 牋牋, 牋牋逗旭牋 牋劇 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋伍 牋牋む葵牋む牋む鮎 牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦姶牘牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘
牋牘牋牋÷ 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎牋牋÷.
謹渥牘牋萎牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋÷旭牘牋劇牋牘 牋牋牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 (EFB)
牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 "牋伍姐牋 牋朽或牋牋牋 牋 牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽牋
牋伍握牋牋逗阿牘, 牋牋牋鉦芦牘, 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋鉦牋鉦芦牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋迦
牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽芦牋牘 牋牋萎握牋鉦娃牘 牋牋牋迦鮎牋牘牘 " 牋牋牋
牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋逗牋牋.
OLDEST FORM OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Application of
fermentation in
production of wine and
other alcoholic
beverages is also a
biotechnological
technique
 Two important technique which enable development of modern
biotechnology:
1. Alteration of chemistry of DNA & RNA to introduce into host
organism to change phenotype of host- Geneticengineering
2. Maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of desired
microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for manufacture of
biotechnological products like vaccine, enzymes, beverages,
drugs etc.- Chemical engineering
謹牋о牋牋逗 牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牘牋о或牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋萎牋牋逗牋牘 牋萎牋÷
牋牘牋牘牋牋牘牋 牋伍姶牋牋牘牘牋む或牋牋: 牋項 牋伍牋牘- 牋牋牘牋牋逗牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋牘牋牋
牋伍握牋迦牘牋劇娃牋鉦姶牋逗鮎 牋牋鉦旭牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋 牋項 牋伍牋牘 牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋牘牋鉦圧牘牋謹葵牘牋牘牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋
DNA & RNA 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋牋逗宛牘牋牘牘牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牋牘 牋牘牋牘牋,
牋牋牋牘牋牘牋迦, 牋牘牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦牘, 牋牋牋牘牋迦 牋牘牋牋迦牋
牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋む牋む阿牘 牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘牋牘牋 牋牘牋牋朽芦牋伍牋牋逗姶 牋伍牋牘牋劇握牋牘牋朽或 /
牋牘牋牘牋牋萎渥牘牋牋逗牘 牋牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋萎葵牋牘牋牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋む牋牋迦 牋牋牘牋牘牋迦
牋牘牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋 牋謹牋牘牋鉦握牘牋 牋朽姶牋む鮎牋朽旭牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽姐牋- 牋牘牋牋逗牋迦
牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘
 Asexual reproduction in organism preserves geneticinformation
 Sexual reproduction (hybridization) leads to variation- includes
undesirable gene with desirable gene
 Genetic engineering- isolate & introduce only one or set of desirable
genes without introducing undesirable genes in target organism
 Techniques of genetic engineering- creation of recombinant
DNA, use of gene cloning & gene transfer to host
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA)/ alien DNA- cannot multiply itself
until integrated in host genome
 When inherited in host DNA- ability to replicate due to originof
replication (host DNA)- initiates replication
 Alien DNA- linked with host DNA replicates & multiply itself
along with host DNA- Cloning
 牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋伍圧牋迦或牋逗牋 牋牘牋牋萎牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋牋牘牋 牋伍握牋鉦牋鉦旭牋鉦姶牋逗鮎 牋伍或牋牋萎牘牋劇或牋伍牋 牋逗牋牋 牋迦牋逗牋牋
牋牘牋牋萎牋む牋牋む牋む阿 (牋項牋牋逗鮎牋÷牋牘牋劇牋牘) 牋朽牋朽或牋о牋鉦渥牋牋逗牋 牋牋鉦旭牋む牋伍牋 牋逗牋牋- 牋牋迦或牋 牋牋逗牋牋迦或牋牋牋
牋牋鉦圧牋鉦芦牋逗牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋む 牋牋朽鮎牋逗牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋- 牋迦牘牋劇牋
牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋牋朽鮎牋逗牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋鉦圧牘牋謹牋牘牋牋牋牘牋逗牋÷鮎 牋牋牋牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋鉦圧牋鉦芦牋逗牋
牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋鉦阿牘牋鉦握牘 牋朽牋萎牋牘牋伍牋 牋牋萎牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋逗牋÷或
 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋牋牘牋о阿牘牋む芦牘- 牋牘牋 omb 牋伍或牋牋牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋 牋伍牋劇牋
DNA, 牋項 牋伍牋牘牋牘 牋牋牘牋 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋 & 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋о芦牘 牋牘牋 omb 牋伍或牋牋牘牋 DNA
(rDNA) / 牋牋逗姐牋鉦或牋牋む牋 DNA- 牋項 牋伍牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦 牋朽或牋迦牋牋逗 牋牋牋牋 牋朽旭牋牘 牋む牋牋牘
牋む鮎牋牘 牋牘牋牋逗牋牋迦牋牘 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA 牋迦 牋朽鮎牋萎宛牋む牋朽或牋牋牋 牋朽牋逗姶牋牘牋牋÷- 牋牘牋迦或牋
牋牋鉦旭牋牋逗牋牋 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋牋 牋伍鮎牋牋萎鮎牋牋逗 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋 (牋項 牋伍牋 DNA) -
牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋萎或牋牋牋逗宛牘牋 牋逗牋牋 牋朽或牋牘牋謹 DNA- 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牘牋鉦芦牋む
牋牋牘牋伍或牋牋о牋鉦姶牋逗或牋牋牋牋÷或 & 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA- 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋牘牋む 牋牘牋鉦牋 牋牘牋牋逗牋牋鉦芦牋
Stepsto genetically modifyorganisms
Basic stepsinvolvedinprocess
Isolating
Genomic DNA
Fragmenting
DNA
Screening
DNA
fragments
Insertion of
DNA in vector
Introducing
DNA in host
Culturing the
cells
Transformation
of host cell
Basic steps involved in process
Isolating
genomic
DNA
Isolating
genomic DNA
from the donor.
Fragmenting
this DNA
Fragmenting
this DNA using
molecular
scissors.
Basic steps involved in process
Insertion of
DNA in a
vector
Screening
the
fragments
Screening the
fragments for a
desired gene.
Inserting the
fragments with the
desired gene in a
cloning vector.
Basic steps involved in process
in Host
Culturing
the cells
Transformation
of host cell
Introducing the recombinant
Introducing vector into a competent host
cell
Culturing these cells to obtain
multiple copies or clones of
desired DNA fragments
Using these copies to
transform suitable host cells
so as to express the desired
gene.
Biotechnology led to production of many products and
provides many services for human welfare.
2. Scope of Biotechnology:
 Genetic engineering in biotechnology stimulated hopes for both
therapeutic proteins, drugs and biological organisms themselves,
such as seeds, pesticides, engineered yeasts, and modified human
cells for treating genetic diseases.
 The field of genetic engineering remains a heated topic of discussion
in todays society with the advent of gene therapy, stem cell research,
cloning, and genetically-modified food.
 Biotechnology is the applied science and has made advances in two
major areas, viz., molecular biology and production of industrially
important bio-chemical.
 The scientists are now diverting themselves toward biotechnological
companies; this has caused the development of many
biotechnological industries.
 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋萎挨牘牋:牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋迦 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋朽或牋む牋む姶牋鉦芦牘,
牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋逗牋牘牘牋迦, 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋牋伍牋牘牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牘牋 牋朽鮎牋牋о牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘
牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋鉦旭牘牋 牋牘牋伍牋む姶 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牋鉦芦牘 牋朽或牋牋牋 牋牋牋逗阿牋鉦 牋牘牘牋 牋牘牋牘牘 , 牋牋逗牋牘牘牋迦
牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽宛牋逗牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋謹牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋鉦旭牘牋牋逗牋牋逗牋牋.
 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘, 牋牘牋 牋牋 牋牋萎斡牘牋о姶, 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牘牋牋牋萎或牋牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牘牋
牋牋逗牋牋о姶 牋牋項鮎牋萎或牋 牋萎鮎牋朽亜牋逗牋む 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋萎或牋牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋 牋伍握牋鉦牋逗牋迦
牋牋萎或牋牘牋牋鉦或牋牋謹牋逗牋牋 牋牋逗牋牋.
 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋牘牋朽旭牋む阿牘 牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋萎或牋牋÷ 牋牋鉦挨牘牋鉦姶 牋萎或牋牋牋鉦芦牋迦
牋牘牋萎牋牋む牋 牋伍鮎牋о牋о或牋牋牋逗牋牋, 牋牋牋牋, 牋牋萎握牋鉦娃牘 牋牘牋朽斡牋鉦宛牋む牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋鉦旭牋謹鮎牋 牋牋逗牋逗牋牋
牋牘牋牘牋牋牘牘牋 牋牋牘-牋牋牋逗牋迦 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿.牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋朽牋む牋む芦牘 牋牋牘牋牋÷ 牋む牋牋牘
牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋伍或牋牋伍鮎牋 牋朽牋牘 牋牋橿牘牋逗牋牋鉦旭牘; 牋牋牋 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘
牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牋牋牘牘牋逗牋牋
These companies are working for human welfare and opted following
areas for research and development:
(a) Automated bio-screening for therapeutic agents.
(b) Bio-processing alkenes to valuable oxides and glycols.
(c) Developing immobilized cell and enzyme systems for chemical
process industries.
(d) Engineering of a series of organisms for specific industrial use.
(e) Genetical improvement of microorganisms for production of
pharmaceutical products.
(f) Human gene therapy.
(g) Improved production of Vitamin B12.
(h) Large-scale production of fructose from inexpensive forms of
glucose.
(i) Manufacturing ethanol by continuous fermentation.
(j) Microbiological based production of human insulin
牋 牋伍或牋牋伍鮎牋迦 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋伍或牋牋牘牋劇牋牋逗 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋牋逗牘牋伍牋 牋牋鉦鮎牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋萎斡牘牋о姶
牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋逗或牋逗牋牋 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋逗牋む鮎牋迦姶牘 牋牋逗牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋:
 牋牋牋逗阿牋鉦 牋蹏牋逗牋牘 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋÷ 牋牋牘 牋伍牋む牋萎牋牋逗或牋牋. 牋朽或牋迦牋朽牋 牋牋牋伍牋÷牘
牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋迦牋牋鉦芦牘牘牘牋牘 牋牋牘 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋伍牋む牋伍牋む或牋牋 牋牋迦牋牘牘 .
 牋萎宛牋鉦渥牋 牋牋鉦牋逗或牋 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋 牋牘牋伍或牋
 牋伍牋む鮎牋萎握牘牘牋 牋伍牋む牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋逗牋牘牋牘 牋朽渥牋朽宛牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷或牋.
 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋 牋牘牋鉦旭牋謹鮎牋 牋牋逗 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牘牋朽牋 牋謹旭牋逗娃 牋牘牋牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋. Ce
牋劇牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋 牋牋牘牋牋牋萎握牘牘牋 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牘牋.
 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘.
 牋朽或牋牋牋逗姶牘 牋牋 12 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋萎牋牋伍姶 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿.
 牋牘牘 牋牘牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牋朽牋伍姶 牋萎牋牘牋鉦芦 牋牘牋逗牋÷或 牋牘牋鉦牘牋 牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋牘牋 牋牋む牋む阿 牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿.
 牋牋逗旭牋逗牋む牋 牋牋逗娃牋 牋牋鉦牋逗或牋 牋牋鉦圧牋萎鮎 牋牋ム姶牋鉦芦牘 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘. 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牘牘牋迦或牋牘 牋牘牋牋
牋牘牘牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋迦鮎牋牋逗牋迦 牋牋о牋鉦旭牋む 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿
18. biotechnology introduction
3. Applications: Industrial Applications of Biotechnology:
 The industrial application of molecular biotechnology is often
subdivided, so that we speak of red, green, gray or white
biotechnology.
 This distinction relates to the use of the technology in the medical
field (in human and animal medicine), agriculture, the environment
and industry.
 Some companies also apply knowledge deriving from molecular
biotechnology in areas that cut across these distinctions (e.g., in red
and green biotechnology, sequencing services).
 According to an investigation by Ernst and Young relating to the
German biotech industry, 92% of companies are currently (2004)
working in the field of red biotechnology, 13% in green, and 13% in
gray or white biotechnology
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
18. biotechnology introduction
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18. biotechnology introduction

  • 2. Introduction to Biotechnology Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms. Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop micro- organisms for specific uses. 牋牘牋む牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋む牋 牋萎牋鉦芦 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦阿牘 牋謹鮎牋伍牋む牋む牋 牋牋牘牋о阿牘牋む芦牋牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牋÷或牋. 牋牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋, 牋牘牋牋牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗牋む牋む圧牘牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋萎牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋 牋牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋 牋牘牋朽牋 牋牘牋逗牋÷或 牋牘牋朽牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋牋牋鉦旭牋鉦鮎 牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牘 牋蹏牘牋牋 牋伍鮎牋逗牋牘牋む牋む牋む.
  • 6. Introduction to Biotechnology Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either. Transferring them to another organism. Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations. 牋牋牘牋牘牋朽牋 牋む鮎牋萎牋牋鉦旭牘牋牋 牋牋牘牋牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋 recomb 牋伍牋牘牋 DNA 牋伍牋牘牋む或牋牋 牋牋牋牋鉦旭牘. 牋牋牘牋牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋牋牘牋牋 牋牋 牋牘牋朽或牋迦牋牋 牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牘牋謹 牋牘牋牋牋÷或 牋牋牋牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋牋む牋牋牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘牋 牋む牋伍牋牘牋朽亜牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牋牋牋牋.牋朽鮎牋牋逗姶牋 牋牋萎牋 牋牘牋朽或牋牋 牋牋牋逗芦牘 牋牘牋牋÷.牋朽牋萎牋朽牋萎 牋牋牋牋逗姶牘牋劇姶牋 牋迦 牋朽鮎牋牋逗姶牋 牋牋伍芦牘 牋牘牋朽或牋迦牋牋 牋む或牋萎牋 牋牋牋牋÷.
  • 9. Biotechnology is defined as the Application of Scientific and Engineering principles to the processing of material by biological agents to provide goods and services. The Spinks Report (1980) defined biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to the manufacturing and service industries. United States Congresss Office of Technology Assessment defined biotechnology as any technique that used living organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.
  • 10. Introduction to Biotechnology 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋朽宛牘牋 牋朽牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽芦牋牘 牋牋逗牋牋о或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽宛牋逗牋牋逗牋 牋蹏牋逗牋牋迦 牋牋牋鉦旭牋鉦鮎 牋 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋伍牋む牋伍牋む或牋牋牘牋牘 牋謹鮎牋伍牋む牋む牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋伍牋む鮎牋 牋 牋牋牘牋朽旭牋む姶牋逗 牋牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋鉦旭牘. 牋伍牋む葵牋逗牋牘牋伍 牋萎葵牘牘 牋萎牋牋 (1980) 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦, 牋朽渥牋朽宛牋鉦芦牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牋鉦牋逗或牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽鮎 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋迦牘 牋牋牋朽渥牋逗牋牋÷或牋 牋牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋逗牋牋. 牋牘牋牘牋牘牋÷ 牋伍牋む牋牋牘牋伍 牋牋鉦或牋牋牋逗宛牘 牋牋牘牋伍 牋牋牘 牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 牋牋伍牋む牋伍牘牋牘牋逗牋牘牋呉 牋牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎或牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋, 牋牘牋牋牋迦姶牘 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗牋む牋む圧牘牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋萎牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋 牋牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗牋牋 牋蹏牘牋牋 牋伍鮎牋逗牋牘牋む牋む牋む
  • 11. The oldest biotechnological processes are found in microbial fermentations, as born out by a Babylonian tablet circa 6000 B.C. unearthed in 1881 and explaining the preparation of beer. In about 4000 B.C. leavened bread was produced with the aid of yeast. The Sumerians were able to brew as many as twenty types of beer in the third millennium B.C. In the 14th century, first vinegar manufacturing industry was established in France near Orleans. 牋牘牋萎鮎牋む姶 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋 牋牋逗娃牘牘 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦 牋牋牋逗葵牋逗宛牋 牋牋, 牋牋牋 牋牋鉦穐牋逗芦牘牋牋逗渥牋牘 牋牋鉦穐牘牋迦芦 牋牘 牋伍或牋萎鮎牘 6000 B.C. 1881 牋迦 牋牋牘牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋萎 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘牋牋 牋朽或牋朽旭牋伍牋 牋牘牋牋鉦旭牘. 牋伍牋牋鉦旭牘 4000 牋牋.牋伍牋. 牋牘牋迦或牋牋牘牋牋牋牋 牋萎牋牘牋 牋牋伍牋 牋伍姐牋鉦渥牋逗牋む 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋牘牋牋牋÷或牋逗牋牋.牋牘牋÷圧 牋牋逗芦牘牋牋逗渥牋逗 B.C 牋迦 牋伍牋牘牋萎渥牋牘牘 牋牋萎圧牘 牋萎牋鉦芦 牋牘牋萎牋迦姶牘 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋牋迦或牋牋鉦旭牘. 14 牋 牋謹牋む鮎牋牋逗或牋牋迦, 牋牘牋牘牋牋 牋朽或牋牋牋鉦旭牘牋 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋牘牘牘牋迦 牋牋萎牘牋牘牘 牋伍握牘牋牋逗牋迦 牋伍鮎牋 牋牋逗牋牋牋÷或牋逗牋牋
  • 12. Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processesfor specific use European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has defined biotechnology as The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analoguesfor products and services.
  • 13. 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋朽姶 牋朽牋朽宛牋 牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽牋迦姶牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋牋萎握牘 牋 牋牋む葵牋む牋む鮎 牋迦姶牘牋 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋逗或 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牋 牋迦牋牋 "牋牘牋 牋朽牋朽宛牋 牋迦, 牋牘牋朽牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋朽鮎牋牋 牋牋む葵牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋逗牋牘 牋蹏牘 牋牘牋 牋伍牋牘牋む或牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽旭牋 牋牋, 牋牋逗旭牋 牋劇 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋伍 牋牋む葵牋む牋む鮎 牋迦 牋迦牋牋 牋牘牋 牋牋逗或 牋牋迦姶牘牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘 牋牘牋牋÷ 牋迦牋牋 牋伍圧牋萎牋牋÷. 謹渥牘牋萎牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋÷旭牘牋劇牋牘 牋牋牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 (EFB) 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋牋 "牋伍姐牋 牋朽或牋牋牋 牋 牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽牋 牋伍握牋牋逗阿牘, 牋牋牋鉦芦牘, 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋鉦牋鉦芦牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋伍牋む牋朽芦牋牘 牋牋萎握牋鉦娃牘 牋牋牋迦鮎牋牘牘 " 牋牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽牋逗牋牋逗牋牋.
  • 14. OLDEST FORM OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
  • 15. Application of fermentation in production of wine and other alcoholic beverages is also a biotechnological technique
  • 16. Two important technique which enable development of modern biotechnology: 1. Alteration of chemistry of DNA & RNA to introduce into host organism to change phenotype of host- Geneticengineering 2. Maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of desired microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for manufacture of biotechnological products like vaccine, enzymes, beverages, drugs etc.- Chemical engineering
  • 17. 謹牋о牋牋逗 牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牘牋о或牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋萎牋牋逗牋牘 牋萎牋÷ 牋牘牋牘牋牋牘牋 牋伍姶牋牋牘牘牋む或牋牋: 牋項 牋伍牋牘- 牋牋牘牋牋逗牘 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋伍握牋迦牘牋劇娃牋鉦姶牋逗鮎 牋牋鉦旭牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋 牋項 牋伍牋牘 牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋牘牋鉦圧牘牋謹葵牘牋牘牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋 DNA & RNA 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋牋逗宛牘牋牘牘牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牋牘 牋牘牋牘牋, 牋牋牋牘牋牘牋迦, 牋牘牋牋牘牋牋鉦芦牘, 牋牋牋牘牋迦 牋牘牋牋迦牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋む牋む阿牘 牋 牋む渥牋鉦旭牘牋牘牋 牋牘牋牋朽芦牋伍牋牋逗姶 牋伍牋牘牋劇握牋牘牋朽或 / 牋牘牋牘牋牋萎渥牘牋牋逗牘 牋牋牋鉦芦 牋牘牋萎葵牋牘牋牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋む牋牋迦 牋牋牘牋牘牋迦 牋牘牋牋牋÷鮎牋牋逗牘牋 牋謹牋牘牋鉦握牘牋 牋朽姶牋む鮎牋朽旭牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋牋逗旭牋朽姐牋- 牋牘牋牋逗牋迦 牋牋牋牋牘牋萎牋牘
  • 18. Asexual reproduction in organism preserves geneticinformation Sexual reproduction (hybridization) leads to variation- includes undesirable gene with desirable gene Genetic engineering- isolate & introduce only one or set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes in target organism Techniques of genetic engineering- creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning & gene transfer to host Recombinant DNA (rDNA)/ alien DNA- cannot multiply itself until integrated in host genome When inherited in host DNA- ability to replicate due to originof replication (host DNA)- initiates replication Alien DNA- linked with host DNA replicates & multiply itself along with host DNA- Cloning
  • 19. 牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋伍圧牋迦或牋逗牋 牋牘牋牋萎牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋牋牘牋 牋伍握牋鉦牋鉦旭牋鉦姶牋逗鮎 牋伍或牋牋萎牘牋劇或牋伍牋 牋逗牋牋 牋迦牋逗牋牋 牋牘牋牋萎牋む牋牋む牋む阿 (牋項牋牋逗鮎牋÷牋牘牋劇牋牘) 牋朽牋朽或牋о牋鉦渥牋牋逗牋 牋牋鉦旭牋む牋伍牋 牋逗牋牋- 牋牋迦或牋 牋牋逗牋牋迦或牋牋牋 牋牋鉦圧牋鉦芦牋逗牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋む 牋牋朽鮎牋逗牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋- 牋迦牘牋劇牋 牋牘牋朽或牋迦 牋牋朽鮎牋逗牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋鉦圧牘牋謹牋牘牋牋牋牘牋逗牋÷鮎 牋牋牋牋 牋迦牋牋 牋牋鉦圧牋鉦芦牋逗牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦姶牘 牋牋鉦阿牘牋鉦握牘 牋朽牋萎牋牘牋伍牋 牋牋萎牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋逗牋÷或 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋牘牋牋 牋牋牘牋о阿牘牋む芦牘- 牋牘牋 omb 牋伍或牋牋牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋 牋伍牋劇牋 DNA, 牋項 牋伍牋牘牋牘 牋牋牘牋 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋 & 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋о芦牘 牋牘牋 omb 牋伍或牋牋牘牋 DNA (rDNA) / 牋牋逗姐牋鉦或牋牋む牋 DNA- 牋項 牋伍牋 牋牋牘牋牋朽牋迦 牋朽或牋迦牋牋逗 牋牋牋牋 牋朽旭牋牘 牋む牋牋牘 牋む鮎牋牘 牋牘牋牋逗牋牋迦牋牘 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA 牋迦 牋朽鮎牋萎宛牋む牋朽或牋牋牋 牋朽牋逗姶牋牘牋牋÷- 牋牘牋迦或牋 牋牋鉦旭牋牋逗牋牋 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋牋 牋伍鮎牋牋萎鮎牋牋逗 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋 (牋項 牋伍牋 DNA) - 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牋牋牘 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋萎或牋牋牋逗宛牘牋 牋逗牋牋 牋朽或牋牘牋謹 DNA- 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA 牋牋鉦阿牘牋む旭牘牋牘牋鉦芦牋む 牋牋牘牋伍或牋牋о牋鉦姶牋逗或牋牋牋牋÷或 & 牋項 牋伍牋 DNA- 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋牘牋む 牋牘牋鉦牋 牋牘牋牋逗牋牋鉦芦牋
  • 21. Basic stepsinvolvedinprocess Isolating Genomic DNA Fragmenting DNA Screening DNA fragments Insertion of DNA in vector Introducing DNA in host Culturing the cells Transformation of host cell
  • 22. Basic steps involved in process Isolating genomic DNA Isolating genomic DNA from the donor. Fragmenting this DNA Fragmenting this DNA using molecular scissors.
  • 23. Basic steps involved in process Insertion of DNA in a vector Screening the fragments Screening the fragments for a desired gene. Inserting the fragments with the desired gene in a cloning vector.
  • 24. Basic steps involved in process in Host Culturing the cells Transformation of host cell Introducing the recombinant Introducing vector into a competent host cell Culturing these cells to obtain multiple copies or clones of desired DNA fragments Using these copies to transform suitable host cells so as to express the desired gene.
  • 25. Biotechnology led to production of many products and provides many services for human welfare.
  • 26. 2. Scope of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering in biotechnology stimulated hopes for both therapeutic proteins, drugs and biological organisms themselves, such as seeds, pesticides, engineered yeasts, and modified human cells for treating genetic diseases. The field of genetic engineering remains a heated topic of discussion in todays society with the advent of gene therapy, stem cell research, cloning, and genetically-modified food. Biotechnology is the applied science and has made advances in two major areas, viz., molecular biology and production of industrially important bio-chemical. The scientists are now diverting themselves toward biotechnological companies; this has caused the development of many biotechnological industries.
  • 27. 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋萎挨牘牋:牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘牋迦 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋朽或牋む牋む姶牋鉦芦牘, 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牋逗牋牘牘牋迦, 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋牋伍牋牘牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牘牋 牋朽鮎牋牋о牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋鉦旭牘牋 牋牘牋伍牋む姶 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牋鉦芦牘 牋朽或牋牋牋 牋牋牋逗阿牋鉦 牋牘牘牋 牋牘牋牘牘 , 牋牋逗牋牘牘牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋朽宛牋逗牋牋逗牋 牋牘牋朽牋 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋謹牋迦姶牘 牋牘牋鉦旭牘牋牋逗牋牋逗牋牋. 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘, 牋牘牋 牋牋 牋牋萎斡牘牋о姶, 牋牘牘 牋牋逗或牋牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牘牋牋牋萎或牋牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋о姶 牋牋項鮎牋萎或牋 牋萎鮎牋朽亜牋逗牋む 牋牋牘牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋 牋萎或牋牋牋逗 牋牘牋牋 牋伍握牋鉦牋逗牋迦 牋牋萎或牋牘牋牋鉦或牋牋謹牋逗牋牋 牋牋逗牋牋. 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋牘牋朽旭牋む阿牘 牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋萎或牋牋÷ 牋牋鉦挨牘牋鉦姶 牋萎或牋牋牋鉦芦牋迦 牋牘牋萎牋牋む牋 牋伍鮎牋о牋о或牋牋牋逗牋牋, 牋牋牋牋, 牋牋萎握牋鉦娃牘 牋牘牋朽斡牋鉦宛牋む牋逗 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牘牋鉦旭牋謹鮎牋 牋牋逗牋逗牋牋 牋牘牋牘牋牋牘牘牋 牋牋牘-牋牋牋逗牋迦 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿.牋謹鮎牋伍阿牘牋朽牋む牋む芦牘 牋牋牘牋牋÷ 牋む牋牋牘 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋伍或牋牋伍鮎牋 牋朽牋牘 牋牋橿牘牋逗牋牋鉦旭牘; 牋牋牋 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋迦牘 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨牋牋 牋牋鉦旭牋牋牘牘牋逗牋牋
  • 28. These companies are working for human welfare and opted following areas for research and development: (a) Automated bio-screening for therapeutic agents. (b) Bio-processing alkenes to valuable oxides and glycols. (c) Developing immobilized cell and enzyme systems for chemical process industries. (d) Engineering of a series of organisms for specific industrial use. (e) Genetical improvement of microorganisms for production of pharmaceutical products. (f) Human gene therapy. (g) Improved production of Vitamin B12. (h) Large-scale production of fructose from inexpensive forms of glucose. (i) Manufacturing ethanol by continuous fermentation. (j) Microbiological based production of human insulin
  • 29. 牋 牋伍或牋牋伍鮎牋迦 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋伍或牋牋牘牋劇牋牋逗 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋牋逗牘牋伍牋 牋牋鉦鮎牋 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋萎斡牘牋о姶 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋逗或牋逗牋牋 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋逗牋む鮎牋迦姶牘 牋牋逗牋牘牋牘牋牋鉦鮎牋: 牋牋牋逗阿牋鉦 牋蹏牋逗牋牘 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牋牘牋牘牋牘牋÷ 牋牋牘 牋伍牋む牋萎牋牋逗或牋牋. 牋朽或牋迦牋朽牋 牋牋牋伍牋÷牘 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋迦牋牋鉦芦牘牘牘牋牘 牋牋牘 牋牘牋鉦鮎 牋伍牋む牋伍牋む或牋牋 牋牋迦牋牘牘 . 牋萎宛牋鉦渥牋 牋牋鉦牋逗或牋 牋牋萎斡牘牋逗握牋 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋伍牋む鮎牋萎握牘牘牋 牋伍牋む牋迦 牋牋萎渥牘 牋牋逗牋牘牋牘 牋朽渥牋朽宛牋鉦芦牋牘 牋牋牋逗圧牘牋牋о挨 牋牘牋牋÷或牋. 牋牋逗旭牋逗扱牘牋 牋牘牋鉦旭牋謹鮎牋 牋牋逗 牋牋牋牘牋牋逗 牋牘牋伍或牋 牋牘牋朽牋 牋謹旭牋逗娃 牋牘牋牋 牋牋逗牋牋牘牋萎或牋牋. Ce 牋劇牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿 牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿牋牋 牋伍牋牘牋劇牋牋牘牋朽牋 牋牋牘牋牋牋萎握牘牘牋 牋牘牋萎牋牘牋牘牋. 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牘牋 牋牋牋逗阿牘牘. 牋朽或牋牋牋逗姶牘 牋牋 12 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋萎牋牋伍姶 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿. 牋牘牘 牋牘牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牋朽牋伍姶 牋萎牋牘牋鉦芦 牋牘牋逗牋÷或 牋牘牋鉦牘牋 牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牋牘牋 牋牋む牋む阿 牋 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿. 牋牋逗旭牋逗牋む牋 牋牋逗娃牋 牋牋鉦牋逗或牋 牋牋鉦圧牋萎鮎 牋牋ム姶牋鉦芦牘 牋む牋牋鉦旭牘. 牋牋鉦姶牋 牋牋牘牘牋迦或牋牘 牋牘牋牋 牋牘牘牋牘牋 牋牋牘牋迦鮎牋牋逗牋迦 牋牋о牋鉦旭牋む 牋牋む牋牋む牋む阿
  • 31. 3. Applications: Industrial Applications of Biotechnology: The industrial application of molecular biotechnology is often subdivided, so that we speak of red, green, gray or white biotechnology. This distinction relates to the use of the technology in the medical field (in human and animal medicine), agriculture, the environment and industry. Some companies also apply knowledge deriving from molecular biotechnology in areas that cut across these distinctions (e.g., in red and green biotechnology, sequencing services). According to an investigation by Ernst and Young relating to the German biotech industry, 92% of companies are currently (2004) working in the field of red biotechnology, 13% in green, and 13% in gray or white biotechnology