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C H A P T E R 1 3
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
悋 愃愕  悋愕悋悸 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸
Joanne D. Pittard, RN, MS
Hemodialysis monitors include machines, devices, protocols, and personnel. The
major goal is to ensure patient safety during the hemodialysis procedure. All tasks
that check, observe, keep track of, and control the hemodialysis treatment are moni-
toring procedures. These important tasks are too often lightly dismissed.
惷悋  悋惘悧愕 悋惆 .悋惴 悋惡惘惠悋惠 悋悖悴慍悸 悋悛悋惠 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 惠愆
惘悋惡惠 悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 惡忰惶 惠 悋惠 悋悋 悴惺 悒 .悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 悖惓悋悄 悋惘惷 愕悋悸
惠惠惡惺
.惡愕悸 悋悸 悋悋 悵 惠悴悋 惠 悋 悋惡愃悋 .惘悋惡悸 悒悴惘悋悄悋惠   悋惠忰 
This chapter focuses on the fluid delivery system and extracorporeal circuit,
theirrespective monitoring devices,
their functions,
locations,
performance standards,
andmanagement.
 悋 惡 悋悽悋惶悸 悋惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸  悋悴愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惆悋悧惘悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 惺 悋惶 悵悋 惘慍
.悋悒惆悋惘悸  悋悖惆悋悄 惺悋惘  悋惺悋  惴悋悧悋
Monitoring of the patient and hemodialysis prescription pre-, during, and post-
dialysis are covered in other sections of this book. Incorporated are partsof the
Conditions of Coverage (CfCs) dictated by the Department of Health and Human
Services Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS), effectiveOctober 3,
2008, for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) facilities. The revised regula- tions
update standards for delivering safe, high-quality care to dialysis patients. Specific
regulations regarding dialysate (則494.40 Condition: Water and Dialysate Quality)
are included. First-time regulations specific for dialysate include mixing,
distribution, labeling, and use.
悵悋  悖悽惘 悖愕悋  悋 愃愕 惡惺惆 悖惓悋悄 惡 悋 愃愕 惶悸 悋惘惷 惘悋惡悸 惠愃愀悸 惠惠
( 悋惠愃愀悸 愆惘愀  悖悴慍悋悄 惆悴 惠 .悋惠悋惡
CfCs
悋悒愕悋悸 悋悽惆悋惠 惘慍 悋惶忰悸 慍悋惘悸 惠悋 悋惠 )
悽惆悋惠
( 悋愀惡悸 悋惘惺悋悸 悋愀惡悸
CMS
 悋悋惺惠惡悋惘  )
3
悖惠惡惘
2008
悋惘忰悸  悋 悖惘悋惷 惘悋 
悋悴惆悸 惺悋悸 悛悸 惘惺悋悸 惠惆 悋惺悋惘 惠忰惆惓 悋忰悸 悋悋悧忰 .)悋悖悽惘悸 惡惘悋忰 悋 (悋惆悋悄 悋悋悧悸
惡悋惆悋悸 悋惠惺悸 悋悽悋惶悸 悋悋悧忰 惠惷 惠 .悋 愃愕 惘惷
則(
494.40
惆悋悸 悋悋悄 悴惆悸 :悋愆惘愀
.悋悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惺悋悋惠 惷惺 悋惠慍惺 悋悽愀 惡悋惆悋悸 悋悽悋惶悸 悋悖 悋惘悸 悋悧忰 惠愆 .)悋愕悋悧
Definitions and Overview
惺悋悸 惴惘悸 惠惺惘悋惠
The fluid delivery system is commonly called the machine. The fluid delivery
system prepares dialysate, a body temperature electrolyte solution. The dialysate
flows through the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer where dialysis occurs. A
blood pump circulates the patients blood through the extracorporeal circulation to
the blood compartment of the dialyzer and back to the patient. The two major catego-
ries to monitor are the dialysate circuit and blood circuit.
忰   悋惆悋悸 惡悒惺惆悋惆 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋  .""悋悴悋慍 悋愕 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 惺 菇
惠惠惆 .悋悴愕 忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸  悒惠惘惠
.悋 愃愕 忰惆惓 忰惓 悋惘愆忰  悋惆悋悸 忰悴惘悸 惺惡惘 悋愃愕悋悸
愃愕 悴悋慍  悋惆 忰悴惘悸 悒 悋悴愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惆悸 悋惆惘悸 悽悋  悋惘惷 惆 惡惠慍惺 悋惆 惷悽悸 惠
.悋惆 惆悋悧惘悸 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋 惘悋惡悸 悋惘悧愕惠 悋悧惠 悒 .悋惘惷 悒 悋惺惆悸 悋
The blood circuit consists of a blood tubing set (arterial and venous), blood side
of the dialyzer, intravenous (IV) normal saline and administration line, and heparin
syringe and infusion line.
 )悋惘惆悸 (悋愆惘悋 悋惆 悖悋惡惡 悴惺悸  悋惆 惆悋悧惘悸 惠惠
悋忰  悋惘愆忰  悋惆 悴悋惡
( 悋惘惆  悋悒惆悋惘悸 悽愀 悋愀惡惺 悋忰
IV
.悋惠愕惘惡 悽愀 悋惡悋惘 忰悸  )
The blood and dialysate are separate circuits that interface at the dialyzer mem-
brane. The machine design must involve extensive monitoring of both circuits.
Specific warning alarms must be initiated when the machines preset limits are
exceeded and/or an unsafe condition exists.
惠惶 惠惷 悖 悴惡 .悋愃愆悋悄 悴悋慍 愃愆悋悄 惺 惠惠惆悋悽悋 惶惠 惆悋悧惘惠 惺 惺惡悋惘悸 悋惆悋悸 悋惆
悋惆悋悧惘 惠悋 惓悸 惘悋惡悸 悋悋悸
悋忰惆惆悸 悋悴悋慍 忰惆惆 惠悴悋慍 惺惆 悋忰惆惆悸 悋惠忰悵惘 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惡惆悄 悴惡 .惠
.悛悸 愃惘 忰悋悸 悴惆 悖 /  悋愕惡
息 The material, concepts, graphics, tables, and other textual information of this chapter are
a subset of published works held in copyright by the author.
162
1-9.pdf
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 163
3
Table 13.1
Comparison of Normal Blood Values and Dialysate Composition
Electrolyte Dialysate Level Range Normal Blood Value Range
Sodium (Na+
), 135145 mEq/L 135145 mEq/L
Potassium (K+
), 04 mEq/L 3.55.5 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca2+
), 2.253.0 mEq/L 4.55.5 mEq/L
Magnesium (Mg2+
), 0.51.0 mEq/L 1.52.5 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl
) 100115 mEq/L 95105 mEq/L
Bicarbonate ( HCO
). 3040 mEq/L 2228 mEq/L
Non-electrolyte
Dextrose 0200 mg/dL 80120 mg/dL
From Pittard J, De Palma J. Dialysate Monograph. 1st ed. Glendale, CA: Hemodialysis; 2013.
Dialysate Solution
惆悋惠 忰
Dialysate solution or dialyzing fluid is a nonsterile aqueous electrolyte solution that
is similar to the normal levels of electrolytes (Table 13.1) found in extracellular fluid
with the exception of the buffer bicarbonate and potassium. Dialysate solution is
almost an isotonic solution, with the usual osmolality of approximately 300 賊 20
milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L).
悒惠惘惠 忰  悋愃愕 愕悋悧 悖 悋惆悋悸 忰
悋悧
惺 愃惘
(悋悴惆 悋惘 悋愀惡惺悸 愕惠悋惠 愆悋惡
13.1
)
悋惠惠惘 惠愕悋 忰  悋惆悋惠 忰 .悋惡惠悋愕 悋惺悋慍悸 惡惘惡悋惠 惡悋愕惠惓悋悄 悋悽悸 悽悋惘悴 悋愕悋悧  悋悴惆悸
惠 悋惠 悋惺惠悋惆悸 悋悖愕悸 惺  悋惡惠惘
忰悋 惡愃
300
賊
20
惠惘 / 悖愕 (悋 惠惘  愕 
(
To ensure patient safety and prevent red blood cell destruction by hemolysis or
crenation, the osmolality of dialysate must be close to the osmolality of plasma.
The osmolality of plasma is 280 賊 20 mOsm/L.
Dialysate solution commonly contains six (6) electrolytes:
sodium (Na+
), potassium (K+
), calcium (Ca2+
),
magnesium (Mg2+
), chloride (Cl
), and bicarbonate ( HCO
).
A seventh component, the nonelectrolyte glucose or dextrose, is invariably
present in the dialysate. The dialysate concentration of glucose is commonly
between 100 and 200 mg/dL. Freshly prepared dialysate solution circulates
continuously to the dia- lyzer in the extracorporeal circuit. After making a single
pass through the dialyzer, the effluent dialysate goes to the drain.
惠 悖 悴惡  悋惠愕惘惡 悖 悋惆 悋忰悋 愀惘 惺 悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 悽悋悋 惠惆惘 惺 悋惘惷 愕悋悸 惷悋
惡悋慍悋 悋悖愕悸 .惡悋慍悋 悋悖愕悸  惘惡悸 惆悋悸 悋悖愕悸
280
賊
20
忰惠 .惠惘 / 悖愕 
惺悋 悋惆悋惠 忰
( 愕惠悸 惺 惆悸
6
( 悋惶惆 :悒惠惘惠悋惠 )
Na
( 悋惡惠悋愕  )+
K
( 悋悋愕  )+
Ca2
( 悋愃愕  )+
Mg2
( 悋惘惆  )+
Cl
-
( 惡惘惡悋惠  )
HCO
愃惘 悋悴慍  悋愕悋惡惺 悋 .)
愕悋悧  悋悴慍 惠惘慍 惠惘悋忰 .悋惆悋悸  悋惆悋悧 悴惆  悋惆愕惠惘慍 悖 悋惘惡悋悧
惡 惺悋惆悸 悋愃慍
100

200
悽悋惘悴 悋惆悋悧惘悸  悋惆悋慍惘 悒 愕惠惘 惡愆 悋惓忰惆 悋忰惷惘 悋惆悋悸 忰 惆惘 .惆愕惠惘 / 悴
.悋惶惘 悒 悋惶惘 愕悋悧 惠悵惡  悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悽悋  悋忰惆悸 惠惘惘悸 悒悴惘悋悄 惡惺惆 .悋悴愕
164 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
Fluid Delivery System
悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋
The vast majority of dialysis facilities in the United States use single-patient fluid
delivery systems. This type of equipment is self-contained, preparing the dialysate
only for the individual machine. Some dialysis facilities use central delivery systems
with central manufacture of dialysate. Although that system is more economical, it
is less safe than the individual machines. The discussion will focus on single-patient
machinery. A few safety issues unique to a central delivery system are explored as
well.
.悋忰惆 惘惷 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 悋惠忰惆悸 悋悋悋惠  悋 愃愕 惘悋  悋惺惴 悋愃悋惡悸 惠愕惠悽惆
愃愕 惘悋 惡惺惷 惠愕惠悽惆 .悋惘惆悸 悛悸 愀 悋惆悋悸 惡悒惺惆悋惆  忰惓  惡悵悋惠 悋悧 悋惺惆悋惠  悋惺 悵悋
悋 愃愕 惘慍 惠惶惺 惺 惘慍悸 惠惶 悖惴悸 悋
 悋惠惶悋惆悋 悖惓惘 悋惴悋 悵悋 悖  悋惘愃 惺 .
惡惺惷 悋愕惠愆悋 悋惷悖 惠 .悋惘惆 悋惘惷 悛悋惠 惺 悋悋愆悸 愕惠惘慍 .悋惘惆悸 悋悖悴慍悸  悋悖悋 悖 悖 悒悋
.悋惘慍 悋惠愕 惴悋 悋惘惆悸 悋愕悋悸 愆悋惠
Control Panel and Monitor Display
All modern fluid delivery systems have a frontal control panel (Fig. 13.1) by which
pressure and other limits may be set and system parameters may be viewed. The
control panel and monitor display on the face of the machine will have audible and
visual warning alarms as a mandatory part of safe dialysis monitoring.
悋惺惘惷 愆悋愆悸 悋惠忰 忰悸
(悋愆 悖悋悸 惠忰 忰悸 惺 悋忰惆惓悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 悴惺 惠忰惠
13.1
悽悋悋   )
惺 悋惺惘惷 愆悋愆悸 悋惠忰 忰悸 愕惠忰惠 .悋惴悋 惺悋惠 惺惘惷 悋悖悽惘 悋忰惆惆 悋惷愃愀 惷惡愀
.悋悛悸 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸  悒慍悋 悴慍悄 惘悧悸 愕惺悸 惠忰悵惘 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惺 悋悴悋慍 悴
NORMAL WARNING ALARM
POWER
RESET
BP
GOAL
TIME
RATE
10.00 AM 130/85 64
4000
4:00
1000
FLOW 800
TEMP 37.5
COND 14.0
RMVD 0
TMP 14
RTD 0.00
BVP 2.5
TEST
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 165
Control Panel and Monitor Display. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing,
Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
Monitor Failure
悋惘悋惡悸 愆
Machine monitors are either mechanically or electrically operated, or a combination
of both. All monitors can fail.
Murphys Law (if anything can go wrong, it will) should be remembered, and
accepted as fact. Murphys Law is attributed to an engi-neer working at the Los
Alamos laboratories in the 1950s. The truth of this statementcan be reworded to, If
you can think of a possible disaster with the present equip- ment, take the necessary
precautionary steps immediately or it will happen. If one can access misadventure
and incident reporting, virtually every possible projected failure of a monitor has
occurred and has resulted in patient/staff injury or death.
悖悴慍悸 悴惺 惠愆 悖  .悋惺 悋悋惓  慍悴 悖  悋惘惡悋悧 悖 悋悋 悒悋 悋悋悸 愆悋愆悋惠 惠愆愃 惠
惠悵惘 悴惡 .悋惺惘惷
悒 惘 悋 愕惡 .忰悸 惡 )愕惠  悋 悽愀悖 忰惆惓 (悒悵悋 惘 悋
Figure 13.1
166 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
悵悋 忰悸 惶悋愃悸 悒惺悋惆悸  .悋悋惷 悋惘  悋悽愕悋惠  悖悋愕 愕 悽惠惡惘悋惠  惺 惆愕
 悒 悋惡悋
悋悋忰 悋悽愀悋惠 悋惠悽悵  悋忰悋悸 惡悋惺惆悋惠 忰惠悸 悋惘惓悸  悋惠惘 惡悒悋 悋 "悒悵悋
悋悋慍悸 惠惘悋慍悸
".愕惠忰惆惓 悒悋 悋惘 惺
悋惡惠惘 忰惆惓 惆  悋忰悋惆惓 悋悽悋愀惘 惺 悋悒惡悋愃 悒 悋惶  悋惘悄 ル惠 悒悵悋
.悋悋悸 悖 悋惴 / 悋惘惷 悒惶悋惡悸 悒 悖惆 惆  愆悋愆悸 忰惠 惠惺 愆 
Fail-Safe, a Misnomer
悽悋愀悧悸 惠愕悸  悋愆  悛
Machine monitors are frequently thought to be fail-safe devices, but they are not. A
truly fail-safe device cannot be overridden to cause harm either by electronic or
human intervention. By this narrow definition, there are no fail-safe dialysis machine
monitors. Because all dialysis machine monitors can fail, they ought to be simple
to operate and accurateand should signal a warning when they are out of limits
or not working properly. Any important factor requires dual monitoring: the machine
monitor device and dialysis personnel. No machine, computer, or device can replace
the continuous surveillance of the hemodialysis personnel.
悴悋慍 惠悴悋慍  悋 .悵 愕惠 悋  悋悖惺愀悋  悛悸 悖悴慍悸  悋悛悋惠 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 悖 菏惠惆 悋 悋惡愃悋
悋惠 愀惘 惺 愕悋悄 惷惘惘  惠愕惡惡 悋忰 悛
 悋惷 悋惠惺惘 悵悋 悽悋  .悋惡愆惘 悖 悋悒惠惘 惆悽
悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 悴惺 悖 悋惴惘 .悋愆  悛悸 悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 惠悴惆 悋
惆悸 悋惠愆愃 愕悸 惠 悖 悴惡  惠愆 悖 
-
悖 悋忰惆惆 悽悋惘悴 惠 惺惆悋 悋惠忰悵惘 惠惘愕 悖 悴惡
惠惺 悋
悋 .悋 愃愕 悖惘悋惆 悋悴悋慍 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 :慍惆悴悸 惘悋惡悸 惠愀惡  惺悋 悖 .惶忰忰 惡愆
.悋 愃愕 惴 悋愕惠惘悸 悋惘悋惡悸 忰 忰 悖 悴悋慍 悖 惡惠惘 悖 悛悸 悖
Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 167
Deaeration
Proportioning
pumps
Conductivity
probes
Temperature
Rx water Heater
Concentrate
To drain
UF pump
Blood leak detector
Pressure Flow
meter
Bypass
valve
Bypass System
Fluid Pathway Simplified. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training
Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.)
( .惡愕愀 悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘
Pittard J
悋愀惡惺悸  悋惠惆惘惡 惆  悋 愃愕 惠惘惷 :
悋悒惶惆悋惘  悋愕悋惡惺悸
7.0
 悋惘悋  悋 愕悋惠悋 .
2003
).惡悒悵 
Dialysate Circuit
悋 愃愕 惆悋悧惘悸
Fig. 13.2 displays components of the dialysate fluid path.
Dialysate monitoring includes prescription;
composition (conductivity and pH); temperature; flow; pressure; effluent;
absence of impurities (cleaning and disinfecting agents); potential pyrogenic agents;
and microbiologic testing.
Each monitor or control is discussed in order of the usual flow of fluid; from the
water inlet solenoid valve to the effluentdialysate drain line.
悋愆 惺惘惷
13.2
悋惠惘惡  悋愀惡悸 悋惶悋惠 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸 惠愆 .悋惆悋悸 愕悋悧 愕悋惘 悋惠
惷愃愀 惠惆 忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸  )悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸 (悋惶悸
惠惶惘

愆悋悧惡 悴惆 惺惆
悋惠惴 (惺悋
忰惠悸 惡惘悴悸 惺悋  )悋惠惺
惠忰 惺惶惘 悖 愆悋愆悸  悋愆悸 惠惠 .悋惘惡悴悸 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘悋惠
悋惶惘 悋 惠惶惘 悽愀 悒 悋悋 惆悽 悋惡 悋 惶悋   愕悋悧 悋惺惠悋惆 悋惠惆 惡惠惘惠惡
.悋惶忰
Why Discuss the Details of Dialysis Machinery?
悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惠悋惶 悋愆悸 悋悵悋
Each dialysis treatment exposes the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients
blood to hundreds of liters ofdialysate. The dialysate should be of
pharmaceutical grade, as dialysate is theequivalent of an intravenous (IV)
solution. The machinery that manufactures dialy-sate can silently and quickly
cause a patient serious injury or death because of contaminants or incorrect solute
concentration.
悋 愃愕惺悋悴
惺惘惷
 悋愃愕悋悸惠 悖悴惡 .悋惆悋悸 惠惘悋惠悧悋惠 悒悋悖悽惘悸 惡惘悋忰悋悋惆悋悄悋惘惷惆
悋惆惘悴悸
(悋惘惆忰 悋悋悧 悋愕悋悧悖忰惓  悋惶惆悋悸
IV
悽愀惘悸 悒惶悋惡悸惠愕惡惡 悖 悋惆悋悸惠惶惺悋惠悛悸.)
.悋惶忰忰悸愃惘 悋悵悋惡悸 悋悋惆悸 惠惘慍悖 悋惓悋惠惡愕惡惡 惡愕惘惺悸 惡惶惠悋悋悸悖惘惷
Figure 13.2
168 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis
fluid
hypotonic
lly
substantia
a
manufactures
ery
-
machin
the
if
,
distressing
more
Even
,
solutions have a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than blood.)
Hypotonic
(
but at a concentration that does notcause hemolysis, the patient may rapidly develop
water intoxication, cerebral edema,seizures, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
signs and symptoms that the dialy-sis staff can easily misinterpret as requiring more
ultrafiltration and more dialysis!With current therapy using blood flow rates of 300
to 450 mL/min, the entirepatients circulating blood may be exposed to toxic
chemicals or a hemolytic statein less than 15 minutes. Death can be both swift and
the cause undiagnosed, evenwith postmortem examination. Each component of the
dialysate circuit discussed, if it malfunctions, may induce hemolysis.

悋悴悒慍惺悋 悋悖惓惘
惠惶惺 悋悛悸 悋惠 悒悵悋 
悋惠惠惘 悋惶 
愕悋悧悋
惡惘 忰惆 悒
 悋惆 悋忰悋 愕惡惡 悋 惡惠惘慍  
悋惺愕惘 悋惘惷 惶悋惡 惆
悋悋悄 惡惠愕
惆悋愃悸 悵悸 

惡悋惠
惡悸 愃惘 惘悧悸 悵悸 
-
惺悋悋惠 
悋  惠忰惆惓 悖惺惘悋惷
-
惴  Sis 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰  悋惆慍 惠愀惡 悖 惺 悋悽愀悖 惠愕惘 惡愕悸
 悋惆 惠惆 惺惆悋惠 惡悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋忰悋 悋惺悋悴 惺 !悋 愃愕  悋慍惆
300
悒
450
惆  惆悸 / 
 悖  悋忰悋 忰悋悸 悖 愕悋悸 悋悧悸 悋惆 惡悋悋 惘惷 悋惠惆悋 悋惆 惠惺惘惷
15
悖  .惆悸

悋惠 
悋惺愕惘
惺 忰惠  愆悽惶 愃惘 悋愕惡惡
悋悴惓悸 忰惶
悋惠 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋惠    .
.悋惆 悋忰悋 悒 悗惆 惆  惠惺愀惠 悒悵悋  悋愆惠悋 惠惠
Water Inlet Solenoid
悋悋 惆悽 悋惡 悋
The water inlet solenoid permits the flow of treated water into the dialysis machine
when the main power switch is activated and stops the flow when the main power
is turned off. Treated water enters the machine via a water inlet valve with water
pressure usually between 20 and 105 pounds per square inch (psi). The treated water
for hemodialysis must meet the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instru-
mentation (AAMI) standards. Not all machines have a water inlet solenoid. Allowing
water to flow into the machine without activating the machines main power switch
can cause problems with bacterial buildup in that portion of the fluid pathway.
惠 惠 惺惆悋 悋 愃愕 悛悸 悒 悋惺悋悴悸 悋悋 惡惠惆 悋悋悄 惆悽 悋惡 悋 愕忰
愆愀

悋愀悋 惠悋忰
悸
悋 悋悋 惠惆悽 .悋惘悧愕悸 悋愀悋悸 惠愆愃 悒悋 惺惆 悋惠惆  悋惘悧愕
悋悛 悒 惺悋悴悸
惺惡惘 悸
惆悽 惶悋

惡 惺悋惆悸 惠惘悋忰 悋悄 惡惷愃愀 悋悋悄
20

105
( 惘惡惺悸 惡惶悸  惘愀
psi
悋悋 惠 悖 悴惡 .)
悋惺悋悴悸
( 悋愀惡 惡悋惠惺 悋惷 悴惺悸 惡惺悋惘 悋 愃愕
AAMI
 惺 悋悛悋惠 悴惺 惠忰惠 悋 .)
惡 
悋悋悄 惡惠惆 悋愕悋忰 悗惆 惆 .悋悋 惆悽
悋惘悧愕 悋愀悋悸 惠悋忰 惠愆愀 惆 悋悋悸 悒
惡悋悴 
忰 悒 悋慍
惆惓
.悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘  悋悴慍悄 悵  悋惡惠惘悋 惠惘悋  愆悋惠
悒 惡愕 惘惡惺 悒愆  惡悋惆  悋惠忰 惠悴悸 惺惘悸
惡悋惘

悋愕悸 悋惶愃悸 悵 悋愕惠悽惆悋 
=
惡悋惆

悒愆
惘惡惺
*惡愕
0.068947572931678

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  • 1. C H A P T E R 1 3 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 悋 愃愕 悋愕悋悸 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 Joanne D. Pittard, RN, MS Hemodialysis monitors include machines, devices, protocols, and personnel. The major goal is to ensure patient safety during the hemodialysis procedure. All tasks that check, observe, keep track of, and control the hemodialysis treatment are moni- toring procedures. These important tasks are too often lightly dismissed. 惷悋 悋惘悧愕 悋惆 .悋惴 悋惡惘惠悋惠 悋悖悴慍悸 悋悛悋惠 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 惠愆 惘悋惡惠 悋 愃愕 惺悋悴 惡忰惶 惠 悋惠 悋悋 悴惺 悒 .悋 愃愕 悒悴惘悋悄 悖惓悋悄 悋惘惷 愕悋悸 惠惠惡惺 .惡愕悸 悋悸 悋悋 悵 惠悴悋 惠 悋 悋惡愃悋 .惘悋惡悸 悒悴惘悋悄悋惠 悋惠忰 This chapter focuses on the fluid delivery system and extracorporeal circuit, theirrespective monitoring devices, their functions, locations, performance standards, andmanagement. 悋 惡 悋悽悋惶悸 悋惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 悋悴愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惆悋悧惘悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 惺 悋惶 悵悋 惘慍 .悋悒惆悋惘悸 悋悖惆悋悄 惺悋惘 悋惺悋 惴悋悧悋 Monitoring of the patient and hemodialysis prescription pre-, during, and post- dialysis are covered in other sections of this book. Incorporated are partsof the Conditions of Coverage (CfCs) dictated by the Department of Health and Human Services Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS), effectiveOctober 3, 2008, for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) facilities. The revised regula- tions update standards for delivering safe, high-quality care to dialysis patients. Specific regulations regarding dialysate (則494.40 Condition: Water and Dialysate Quality) are included. First-time regulations specific for dialysate include mixing, distribution, labeling, and use. 悵悋 悖悽惘 悖愕悋 悋 愃愕 惡惺惆 悖惓悋悄 惡 悋 愃愕 惶悸 悋惘惷 惘悋惡悸 惠愃愀悸 惠惠 ( 悋惠愃愀悸 愆惘愀 悖悴慍悋悄 惆悴 惠 .悋惠悋惡 CfCs 悋悒愕悋悸 悋悽惆悋惠 惘慍 悋惶忰悸 慍悋惘悸 惠悋 悋惠 ) 悽惆悋惠 ( 悋愀惡悸 悋惘惺悋悸 悋愀惡悸 CMS 悋悋惺惠惡悋惘 ) 3 悖惠惡惘 2008 悋惘忰悸 悋 悖惘悋惷 惘悋 悋悴惆悸 惺悋悸 悛悸 惘惺悋悸 惠惆 悋惺悋惘 惠忰惆惓 悋忰悸 悋悋悧忰 .)悋悖悽惘悸 惡惘悋忰 悋 (悋惆悋悄 悋悋悧悸 惡悋惆悋悸 悋惠惺悸 悋悽悋惶悸 悋悋悧忰 惠惷 惠 .悋 愃愕 惘惷 則( 494.40 惆悋悸 悋悋悄 悴惆悸 :悋愆惘愀 .悋悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋惺悋悋惠 惷惺 悋惠慍惺 悋悽愀 惡悋惆悋悸 悋悽悋惶悸 悋悖 悋惘悸 悋悧忰 惠愆 .)悋愕悋悧 Definitions and Overview 惺悋悸 惴惘悸 惠惺惘悋惠 The fluid delivery system is commonly called the machine. The fluid delivery system prepares dialysate, a body temperature electrolyte solution. The dialysate flows through the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer where dialysis occurs. A blood pump circulates the patients blood through the extracorporeal circulation to the blood compartment of the dialyzer and back to the patient. The two major catego-
  • 2. ries to monitor are the dialysate circuit and blood circuit. 忰 悋惆悋悸 惡悒惺惆悋惆 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 .""悋悴悋慍 悋愕 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 惺 菇 惠惠惆 .悋悴愕 忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸 悒惠惘惠 .悋 愃愕 忰惆惓 忰惓 悋惘愆忰 悋惆悋悸 忰悴惘悸 惺惡惘 悋愃愕悋悸 愃愕 悴悋慍 悋惆 忰悴惘悸 悒 悋悴愕 悽悋惘悴 悋惆悸 悋惆惘悸 悽悋 悋惘惷 惆 惡惠慍惺 悋惆 惷悽悸 惠 .悋惆 惆悋悧惘悸 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋 惘悋惡悸 悋惘悧愕惠 悋悧惠 悒 .悋惘惷 悒 悋惺惆悸 悋 The blood circuit consists of a blood tubing set (arterial and venous), blood side of the dialyzer, intravenous (IV) normal saline and administration line, and heparin syringe and infusion line. )悋惘惆悸 (悋愆惘悋 悋惆 悖悋惡惡 悴惺悸 悋惆 惆悋悧惘悸 惠惠 悋忰 悋惘愆忰 悋惆 悴悋惡 ( 悋惘惆 悋悒惆悋惘悸 悽愀 悋愀惡惺 悋忰 IV .悋惠愕惘惡 悽愀 悋惡悋惘 忰悸 ) The blood and dialysate are separate circuits that interface at the dialyzer mem- brane. The machine design must involve extensive monitoring of both circuits. Specific warning alarms must be initiated when the machines preset limits are exceeded and/or an unsafe condition exists. 惠惶 惠惷 悖 悴惡 .悋愃愆悋悄 悴悋慍 愃愆悋悄 惺 惠惠惆悋悽悋 惶惠 惆悋悧惘惠 惺 惺惡悋惘悸 悋惆悋悸 悋惆 悋惆悋悧惘 惠悋 惓悸 惘悋惡悸 悋悋悸 悋忰惆惆悸 悋悴悋慍 忰惆惆 惠悴悋慍 惺惆 悋忰惆惆悸 悋惠忰悵惘 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惡惆悄 悴惡 .惠 .悛悸 愃惘 忰悋悸 悴惆 悖 / 悋愕惡 息 The material, concepts, graphics, tables, and other textual information of this chapter are a subset of published works held in copyright by the author. 162
  • 4. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 163 3 Table 13.1 Comparison of Normal Blood Values and Dialysate Composition Electrolyte Dialysate Level Range Normal Blood Value Range Sodium (Na+ ), 135145 mEq/L 135145 mEq/L Potassium (K+ ), 04 mEq/L 3.55.5 mEq/L Calcium (Ca2+ ), 2.253.0 mEq/L 4.55.5 mEq/L Magnesium (Mg2+ ), 0.51.0 mEq/L 1.52.5 mEq/L Chloride (Cl ) 100115 mEq/L 95105 mEq/L Bicarbonate ( HCO ). 3040 mEq/L 2228 mEq/L Non-electrolyte Dextrose 0200 mg/dL 80120 mg/dL From Pittard J, De Palma J. Dialysate Monograph. 1st ed. Glendale, CA: Hemodialysis; 2013. Dialysate Solution 惆悋惠 忰 Dialysate solution or dialyzing fluid is a nonsterile aqueous electrolyte solution that is similar to the normal levels of electrolytes (Table 13.1) found in extracellular fluid with the exception of the buffer bicarbonate and potassium. Dialysate solution is almost an isotonic solution, with the usual osmolality of approximately 300 賊 20 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L). 悒惠惘惠 忰 悋愃愕 愕悋悧 悖 悋惆悋悸 忰 悋悧 惺 愃惘 (悋悴惆 悋惘 悋愀惡惺悸 愕惠悋惠 愆悋惡 13.1 ) 悋惠惠惘 惠愕悋 忰 悋惆悋惠 忰 .悋惡惠悋愕 悋惺悋慍悸 惡惘惡悋惠 惡悋愕惠惓悋悄 悋悽悸 悽悋惘悴 悋愕悋悧 悋悴惆悸 惠 悋惠 悋惺惠悋惆悸 悋悖愕悸 惺 悋惡惠惘 忰悋 惡愃 300 賊 20 惠惘 / 悖愕 (悋 惠惘 愕 ( To ensure patient safety and prevent red blood cell destruction by hemolysis or crenation, the osmolality of dialysate must be close to the osmolality of plasma. The osmolality of plasma is 280 賊 20 mOsm/L. Dialysate solution commonly contains six (6) electrolytes: sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K+ ), calcium (Ca2+ ), magnesium (Mg2+ ), chloride (Cl ), and bicarbonate ( HCO ). A seventh component, the nonelectrolyte glucose or dextrose, is invariably present in the dialysate. The dialysate concentration of glucose is commonly between 100 and 200 mg/dL. Freshly prepared dialysate solution circulates continuously to the dia- lyzer in the extracorporeal circuit. After making a single pass through the dialyzer, the effluent dialysate goes to the drain. 惠 悖 悴惡 悋惠愕惘惡 悖 悋惆 悋忰悋 愀惘 惺 悋忰惘悋悄 悋惆 悽悋悋 惠惆惘 惺 悋惘惷 愕悋悸 惷悋 惡悋慍悋 悋悖愕悸 .惡悋慍悋 悋悖愕悸 惘惡悸 惆悋悸 悋悖愕悸 280 賊 20 忰惠 .惠惘 / 悖愕 惺悋 悋惆悋惠 忰 ( 愕惠悸 惺 惆悸 6 ( 悋惶惆 :悒惠惘惠悋惠 ) Na ( 悋惡惠悋愕 )+ K ( 悋悋愕 )+ Ca2 ( 悋愃愕 )+ Mg2 ( 悋惘惆 )+ Cl - ( 惡惘惡悋惠 ) HCO 愃惘 悋悴慍 悋愕悋惡惺 悋 .) 愕悋悧 悋悴慍 惠惘慍 惠惘悋忰 .悋惆悋悸 悋惆悋悧 悴惆 悋惆愕惠惘慍 悖 悋惘惡悋悧 惡 惺悋惆悸 悋愃慍 100 200 悽悋惘悴 悋惆悋悧惘悸 悋惆悋慍惘 悒 愕惠惘 惡愆 悋惓忰惆 悋忰惷惘 悋惆悋悸 忰 惆惘 .惆愕惠惘 / 悴 .悋惶惘 悒 悋惶惘 愕悋悧 惠悵惡 悋 愃愕 悴悋慍 悽悋 悋忰惆悸 惠惘惘悸 悒悴惘悋悄 惡惺惆 .悋悴愕
  • 5. 164 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis Fluid Delivery System 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 惴悋 The vast majority of dialysis facilities in the United States use single-patient fluid delivery systems. This type of equipment is self-contained, preparing the dialysate only for the individual machine. Some dialysis facilities use central delivery systems with central manufacture of dialysate. Although that system is more economical, it is less safe than the individual machines. The discussion will focus on single-patient machinery. A few safety issues unique to a central delivery system are explored as well. .悋忰惆 惘惷 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 悋惠忰惆悸 悋悋悋惠 悋 愃愕 惘悋 悋惺惴 悋愃悋惡悸 惠愕惠悽惆 愃愕 惘悋 惡惺惷 惠愕惠悽惆 .悋惘惆悸 悛悸 愀 悋惆悋悸 惡悒惺惆悋惆 忰惓 惡悵悋惠 悋悧 悋惺惆悋惠 悋惺 悵悋 悋 愃愕 惘慍 惠惶惺 惺 惘慍悸 惠惶 悖惴悸 悋 悋惠惶悋惆悋 悖惓惘 悋惴悋 悵悋 悖 悋惘愃 惺 . 惡惺惷 悋愕惠愆悋 悋惷悖 惠 .悋惘惆 悋惘惷 悛悋惠 惺 悋悋愆悸 愕惠惘慍 .悋惘惆悸 悋悖悴慍悸 悋悖悋 悖 悖 悒悋 .悋惘慍 悋惠愕 惴悋 悋惘惆悸 悋愕悋悸 愆悋惠 Control Panel and Monitor Display All modern fluid delivery systems have a frontal control panel (Fig. 13.1) by which pressure and other limits may be set and system parameters may be viewed. The control panel and monitor display on the face of the machine will have audible and visual warning alarms as a mandatory part of safe dialysis monitoring. 悋惺惘惷 愆悋愆悸 悋惠忰 忰悸 (悋愆 悖悋悸 惠忰 忰悸 惺 悋忰惆惓悸 悋愕悋悧 惠惶 悖惴悸 悴惺 惠忰惠 13.1 悽悋悋 ) 惺 悋惺惘惷 愆悋愆悸 悋惠忰 忰悸 愕惠忰惠 .悋惴悋 惺悋惠 惺惘惷 悋悖悽惘 悋忰惆惆 悋惷愃愀 惷惡愀 .悋悛悸 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸 悒慍悋 悴慍悄 惘悧悸 愕惺悸 惠忰悵惘 悒悵悋惘悋惠 惺 悋悴悋慍 悴 NORMAL WARNING ALARM POWER RESET BP GOAL TIME RATE 10.00 AM 130/85 64 4000 4:00 1000 FLOW 800 TEMP 37.5 COND 14.0 RMVD 0 TMP 14 RTD 0.00 BVP 2.5 TEST
  • 6. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 165 Control Panel and Monitor Display. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) Monitor Failure 悋惘悋惡悸 愆 Machine monitors are either mechanically or electrically operated, or a combination of both. All monitors can fail. Murphys Law (if anything can go wrong, it will) should be remembered, and accepted as fact. Murphys Law is attributed to an engi-neer working at the Los Alamos laboratories in the 1950s. The truth of this statementcan be reworded to, If you can think of a possible disaster with the present equip- ment, take the necessary precautionary steps immediately or it will happen. If one can access misadventure and incident reporting, virtually every possible projected failure of a monitor has occurred and has resulted in patient/staff injury or death. 悖悴慍悸 悴惺 惠愆 悖 .悋惺 悋悋惓 慍悴 悖 悋惘惡悋悧 悖 悋悋 悒悋 悋悋悸 愆悋愆悋惠 惠愆愃 惠 惠悵惘 悴惡 .悋惺惘惷 悒 惘 悋 愕惡 .忰悸 惡 )愕惠 悋 悽愀悖 忰惆惓 (悒悵悋 惘 悋 Figure 13.1
  • 7. 166 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 悵悋 忰悸 惶悋愃悸 悒惺悋惆悸 .悋悋惷 悋惘 悋悽愕悋惠 悖悋愕 愕 悽惠惡惘悋惠 惺 惆愕 悒 悋惡悋 悋悋忰 悋悽愀悋惠 悋惠悽悵 悋忰悋悸 惡悋惺惆悋惠 忰惠悸 悋惘惓悸 悋惠惘 惡悒悋 悋 "悒悵悋 悋悋慍悸 惠惘悋慍悸 ".愕惠忰惆惓 悒悋 悋惘 惺 悋惡惠惘 忰惆惓 惆 悋忰悋惆惓 悋悽悋愀惘 惺 悋悒惡悋愃 悒 悋惶 悋惘悄 ル惠 悒悵悋 .悋悋悸 悖 悋惴 / 悋惘惷 悒惶悋惡悸 悒 悖惆 惆 愆悋愆悸 忰惠 惠惺 愆 Fail-Safe, a Misnomer 悽悋愀悧悸 惠愕悸 悋愆 悛 Machine monitors are frequently thought to be fail-safe devices, but they are not. A truly fail-safe device cannot be overridden to cause harm either by electronic or human intervention. By this narrow definition, there are no fail-safe dialysis machine monitors. Because all dialysis machine monitors can fail, they ought to be simple to operate and accurateand should signal a warning when they are out of limits or not working properly. Any important factor requires dual monitoring: the machine monitor device and dialysis personnel. No machine, computer, or device can replace the continuous surveillance of the hemodialysis personnel. 悴悋慍 惠悴悋慍 悋 .悵 愕惠 悋 悋悖惺愀悋 悛悸 悖悴慍悸 悋悛悋惠 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 悖 菏惠惆 悋 悋惡愃悋 悋惠 愀惘 惺 愕悋悄 惷惘惘 惠愕惡惡 悋忰 悛 悋惷 悋惠惺惘 悵悋 悽悋 .悋惡愆惘 悖 悋悒惠惘 惆悽 悋 愃愕 悖悴慍悸 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 悴惺 悖 悋惴惘 .悋愆 悛悸 悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惘悋惡悸 悖悴慍悸 惠悴惆 悋 惆悸 悋惠愆愃 愕悸 惠 悖 悴惡 惠愆 悖 - 悖 悋忰惆惆 悽悋惘悴 惠 惺惆悋 悋惠忰悵惘 惠惘愕 悖 悴惡 惠惺 悋 悋 .悋 愃愕 悖惘悋惆 悋悴悋慍 惘悋惡悸 悴悋慍 :慍惆悴悸 惘悋惡悸 惠愀惡 惺悋 悖 .惶忰忰 惡愆 .悋 愃愕 惴 悋愕惠惘悸 悋惘悋惡悸 忰 忰 悖 悴悋慍 悖 惡惠惘 悖 悛悸 悖
  • 8. Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis 167 Deaeration Proportioning pumps Conductivity probes Temperature Rx water Heater Concentrate To drain UF pump Blood leak detector Pressure Flow meter Bypass valve Bypass System Fluid Pathway Simplified. (From Pittard J: Hemodialysis Nursing, Training Manual, 7th ed., version 7.0. Santa Monica, CA, 2003, with permission.) ( .惡愕愀 悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘 Pittard J 悋愀惡惺悸 悋惠惆惘惡 惆 悋 愃愕 惠惘惷 : 悋悒惶惆悋惘 悋愕悋惡惺悸 7.0 悋惘悋 悋 愕悋惠悋 . 2003 ).惡悒悵 Dialysate Circuit 悋 愃愕 惆悋悧惘悸 Fig. 13.2 displays components of the dialysate fluid path. Dialysate monitoring includes prescription; composition (conductivity and pH); temperature; flow; pressure; effluent; absence of impurities (cleaning and disinfecting agents); potential pyrogenic agents; and microbiologic testing. Each monitor or control is discussed in order of the usual flow of fluid; from the water inlet solenoid valve to the effluentdialysate drain line. 悋愆 惺惘惷 13.2 悋惠惘惡 悋愀惡悸 悋惶悋惠 悋 愃愕 惘悋惡悸 惠愆 .悋惆悋悸 愕悋悧 愕悋惘 悋惠 惷愃愀 惠惆 忰惘悋惘悸 惆惘悴悸 )悋忰惷悸 惆惘悴悸 (悋惶悸 惠惶惘 愆悋悧惡 悴惆 惺惆 悋惠惴 (惺悋 忰惠悸 惡惘悴悸 惺悋 )悋惠惺 惠忰 惺惶惘 悖 愆悋愆悸 悋愆悸 惠惠 .悋惘惡悴悸 悋悋悽惠惡悋惘悋惠 悋惶惘 悋 惠惶惘 悽愀 悒 悋悋 惆悽 悋惡 悋 惶悋 愕悋悧 悋惺惠悋惆 悋惠惆 惡惠惘惠惡 .悋惶忰 Why Discuss the Details of Dialysis Machinery? 悋 愃愕 悛悋惠 惠悋惶 悋愆悸 悋悵悋 Each dialysis treatment exposes the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients blood to hundreds of liters ofdialysate. The dialysate should be of pharmaceutical grade, as dialysate is theequivalent of an intravenous (IV) solution. The machinery that manufactures dialy-sate can silently and quickly cause a patient serious injury or death because of contaminants or incorrect solute concentration. 悋 愃愕惺悋悴 惺惘惷 悋愃愕悋悸惠 悖悴惡 .悋惆悋悸 惠惘悋惠悧悋惠 悒悋悖悽惘悸 惡惘悋忰悋悋惆悋悄悋惘惷惆 悋惆惘悴悸 (悋惘惆忰 悋悋悧 悋愕悋悧悖忰惓 悋惶惆悋悸 IV 悽愀惘悸 悒惶悋惡悸惠愕惡惡 悖 悋惆悋悸惠惶惺悋惠悛悸.) .悋惶忰忰悸愃惘 悋悵悋惡悸 悋悋惆悸 惠惘慍悖 悋惓悋惠惡愕惡惡 惡愕惘惺悸 惡惶惠悋悋悸悖惘惷 Figure 13.2
  • 9. 168 Safety Monitors in Hemodialysis fluid hypotonic lly substantia a manufactures ery - machin the if , distressing more Even , solutions have a lower concentration of dissolved solutes than blood.) Hypotonic ( but at a concentration that does notcause hemolysis, the patient may rapidly develop water intoxication, cerebral edema,seizures, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema signs and symptoms that the dialy-sis staff can easily misinterpret as requiring more ultrafiltration and more dialysis!With current therapy using blood flow rates of 300 to 450 mL/min, the entirepatients circulating blood may be exposed to toxic chemicals or a hemolytic statein less than 15 minutes. Death can be both swift and the cause undiagnosed, evenwith postmortem examination. Each component of the dialysate circuit discussed, if it malfunctions, may induce hemolysis. 悋悴悒慍惺悋 悋悖惓惘 惠惶惺 悋悛悸 悋惠 悒悵悋 悋惠惠惘 悋惶 愕悋悧悋 惡惘 忰惆 悒 悋惆 悋忰悋 愕惡惡 悋 惡惠惘慍 悋惺愕惘 悋惘惷 惶悋惡 惆 悋悋悄 惡惠愕 惆悋愃悸 悵悸 惡悋惠 惡悸 愃惘 惘悧悸 悵悸 - 惺悋悋惠 悋 惠忰惆惓 悖惺惘悋惷 - 惴 Sis 悋悋悧 悋惠惘愆忰 悋惆慍 惠愀惡 悖 惺 悋悽愀悖 惠愕惘 惡愕悸 悋惆 惠惆 惺惆悋惠 惡悋愕惠悽惆悋 悋忰悋 悋惺悋悴 惺 !悋 愃愕 悋慍惆 300 悒 450 惆 惆悸 / 悖 悋忰悋 忰悋悸 悖 愕悋悸 悋悧悸 悋惆 惡悋悋 惘惷 悋惠惆悋 悋惆 惠惺惘惷 15 悖 .惆悸 悋惠 悋惺愕惘 惺 忰惠 愆悽惶 愃惘 悋愕惡惡 悋悴惓悸 忰惶 悋惠 悋惆悋悸 惆悋悧惘悸 悋惠 . .悋惆 悋忰悋 悒 悗惆 惆 惠惺愀惠 悒悵悋 悋愆惠悋 惠惠 Water Inlet Solenoid 悋悋 惆悽 悋惡 悋 The water inlet solenoid permits the flow of treated water into the dialysis machine when the main power switch is activated and stops the flow when the main power is turned off. Treated water enters the machine via a water inlet valve with water pressure usually between 20 and 105 pounds per square inch (psi). The treated water for hemodialysis must meet the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instru- mentation (AAMI) standards. Not all machines have a water inlet solenoid. Allowing water to flow into the machine without activating the machines main power switch can cause problems with bacterial buildup in that portion of the fluid pathway. 惠 惠 惺惆悋 悋 愃愕 悛悸 悒 悋惺悋悴悸 悋悋 惡惠惆 悋悋悄 惆悽 悋惡 悋 愕忰 愆愀 悋愀悋 惠悋忰 悸 悋 悋悋 惠惆悽 .悋惘悧愕悸 悋愀悋悸 惠愆愃 悒悋 惺惆 悋惠惆 悋惘悧愕 悋悛 悒 惺悋悴悸 惺惡惘 悸 惆悽 惶悋 惡 惺悋惆悸 惠惘悋忰 悋悄 惡惷愃愀 悋悋悄 20 105 ( 惘惡惺悸 惡惶悸 惘愀 psi 悋悋 惠 悖 悴惡 .) 悋惺悋悴悸 ( 悋愀惡 惡悋惠惺 悋惷 悴惺悸 惡惺悋惘 悋 愃愕 AAMI 惺 悋悛悋惠 悴惺 惠忰惠 悋 .) 惡 悋悋悄 惡惠惆 悋愕悋忰 悗惆 惆 .悋悋 惆悽 悋惘悧愕 悋愀悋悸 惠悋忰 惠愆愀 惆 悋悋悸 悒 惡悋悴 忰 悒 悋慍 惆惓 .悋愕悋悧 愕悋惘 悋悴慍悄 悵 悋惡惠惘悋 惠惘悋 愆悋惠 悒 惡愕 惘惡惺 悒愆 惡悋惆 悋惠忰 惠悴悸 惺惘悸 惡悋惘 悋愕悸 悋惶愃悸 悵 悋愕惠悽惆悋 = 惡悋惆 悒愆 惘惡惺 *惡愕 0.068947572931678