2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including: - The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents. - Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition. - Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
- 1. Modul 2Modul 2 Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics THE NEW GLOBALTHE NEW GLOBAL TECTONICTECTONIC
- 2. PLATE TECTONICSPLATE TECTONICS Continental driftContinental drift The theory that the continents have moved inThe theory that the continents have moved in relation to one anotherrelation to one another Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics The theory of global dynamics in which theThe theory of global dynamics in which the lithosphere is believed to be broken intolithosphere is believed to be broken into individual plates that move in response toindividual plates that move in response to convection in the (upper) mantle. The margins ofconvection in the (upper) mantle. The margins of the plates are sites of considerable geologicthe plates are sites of considerable geologic activity.activity.
- 3. Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
- 4. Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
- 5. Depth(km) cold, rigid, brittle hot, plastic = 3,3 4,3 g/cm3 hot, high pressure, rigid, brittle Liquid 45000 C solid rocks ultrabasic igneous rocks (MgO, SiO2) Fe, Ni Crust Mantle Core (CMC)-sphere
- 6. Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory Lithosphere is broken into individual piecesLithosphere is broken into individual pieces calledcalled platesplates Plates move over the asthenospherePlates move over the asthenosphere as a result of underlyingas a result of underlying convection cellsconvection cells
- 7. Antonio Snider-Pelligrini Map (1858)Antonio Snider-Pelligrini Map (1858) Continental DriftContinental Drift
- 8. Alfred Wegener Map (1915)Alfred Wegener Map (1915) Continental DriftContinental Drift
- 9. Wegeners Concept of Continental Drift and OrogenesisWegeners Concept of Continental Drift and Orogenesis Note:Note: Most geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegeners ideasMost geologists and geophysicists rejected Wegeners ideas because they violated what was known about thebecause they violated what was known about the STRENGTHSTRENGTH OF ROCKSOF ROCKS.. Also, centrifugal force (from Earths rotation) along with tidalAlso, centrifugal force (from Earths rotation) along with tidal forcesforces were deemed to bewere deemed to be TOO SMALLTOO SMALL to move the continents!to move the continents! Continental DriftContinental Drift
- 10. Continents FitContinents Fit TogetherTogether Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent Best fit at 100 m below sea levelBest fit at 100 m below sea level
- 11. Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent Rocks andRocks and Structures Match UpStructures Match Up
- 12. Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent
- 13. AppalachiansAppalachians AppalachiansAppalachians Caledonides Mauritanides Mountain Belts ofMountain Belts of the Same Agethe Same Age Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent
- 14. Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent Glacial FeaturesGlacial Features Direction of ice flowDirection of ice flow
- 15. Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent FossilsFossils LystrosaurusLystrosaurus GlossopterisGlossopteris CynognathusCynognathus MesosaurusMesosaurus Permian-PennsylvanianPermian-Pennsylvanian Early TriassicEarly Triassic PermianPermian
- 16. Evidence on ContinentEvidence on Continent PaleoclimatePaleoclimate of Pangeaof Pangea
- 17. Evidence on SeafloorEvidence on Seafloor SeafloorSeafloor MorphologyMorphology
- 18. Evidence on SeafloorEvidence on Seafloor Paleomagnetism andPaleomagnetism and seafloor spreadingseafloor spreading Magnetic Time ScaleMagnetic Time Scale Magnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge CrestMagnetic Stripe Formation at Ridge Crest
- 19. Evidence on SeafloorEvidence on Seafloor Paleomagnetism andPaleomagnetism and seafloor spreadingseafloor spreading
- 20. Evidence on SeafloorEvidence on Seafloor Seafloor Age MapSeafloor Age Map
- 21. Mantle Plume Hot Spot TracksMantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks Evidence on SeafloorEvidence on Seafloor
- 23. MODUL 03 GERAK DAN SIFAT INTERAKSI
- 24. Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined byDirections of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of RocksMantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of Rocks Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
- 25. Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPSDirections of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites(Global Positioning System) Satellites Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities DeterminedDirections of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellitesby GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
- 26. Earths Tectonic PlatesEarths Tectonic Plates North American South American Juan de Fuca Cocos Pacific Nazca Antarctic Antarctic Caribbean Scotian African Eurasian Arabian Indo Australian Pacific Philippine North American Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
- 27. Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics What drivesWhat drives Plate Tectonics???Plate Tectonics???
- 28. What drives plate motions Forces that drive plate motion Slab-pull Cold, dense slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere pull the plate towards the subduction zone Ridge-push The higher elevation of spreading centers result in oceanic lithosphere wanting to move downhill, away from the ridge Far less important than slab-pull Mantle drag and plate resistance Can act to increase or decrease plate motion
- 29. Mantle convection provides the primary drive for plate tectonics
- 31. What drives plate motions Models of plate-mantle convection Any model must be consistent with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling Models Layering at 660 km Explains why basalts erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source). We know that subducting slabs descend beneath 660
- 32. What drives plate motions Whole-mantle convection Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities
- 33. What drives plate motions Deep-layer model Lava lamp model Two layers swell and shrink in a complex fashion in response to heat from the Earths interior
- 34. Internal HeatInternal Heat Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
- 36. Arc-Trench systems 36 Trench roll-back
- 37. Arc-Trench systems 37 Types of arc-trench system
- 38. Results in the formation of Oceanic CrustResults in the formation of Oceanic Crust Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary
- 39. Transform BoundaryTransform Boundary Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
- 40. Results in the formation & growth of Continental CrustResults in the formation & growth of Continental Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crustand destruction of Oceanic Crust Melting Produces More Felsic Magma Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics Convergent Boundary: SubductionConvergent Boundary: Subduction
- 41. Results in the growth of Continental CrustResults in the growth of Continental Crust Convergent Boundary: CollisionConvergent Boundary: Collision Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
- 42. BASIC PLATE TECTONICS RevisedBASIC PLATE TECTONICS Revised Earths lithosphere is broken into 12-24Earths lithosphere is broken into 12-24 rigid platesrigid plates Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plasticPlates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plastic AsthenosphereAsthenosphere Geology happens where the platesGeology happens where the plates interact with one another along Divergent,interact with one another along Divergent, Transform, Subduction and CollisionalTransform, Subduction and Collisional BoundariesBoundaries