2. lecture=1 2 basics tir, snells law
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This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in optical communication systems including: types of optical communication systems and their components, optical fiber properties like attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity, optical receivers and amplifiers, and optical filters and passive components. It also lists relevant textbooks and references. The document then begins covering historical perspectives and motivations for optical communication systems before discussing specific optical and fiber optic concepts like the electromagnetic spectrum, light propagation, ray theory, numerical aperture, and example problems calculating fiber properties.
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Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.docx
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.docx6076RShalini20Msec
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Fiber optic communication has seen widespread adoption due to the ability to transmit large amounts of data over long distances with low latency. Optical fibers can carry hundreds of thousands of telephone channels using only a small part of the theoretical capacity. Over generations, transmission capacity per fiber has increased enormously from 45 megabits per second to over 100 gigabits per second currently. Future trends include multi-terabit networks using dense wavelength division multiplexing, ultra-long haul transmission to cancel dispersion effects, and improvements to erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and other technologies.APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.docx
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.docx6076RShalini20Msec
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Fiber optic communication has seen widespread adoption due to the ability to transmit large amounts of data over long distances with low latency. Optical fibers can carry hundreds of thousands of telephone channels using only a small part of the theoretical capacity. Over generations, transmission capacity per fiber has increased enormously from 45 megabits/second to over 100 gigabits/second currently. Future trends include multi-terabit networks using dense wavelength division multiplexing, advancement of amplification and network configuration technologies, and improvements to fiber materials.Ad
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2. lecture=1 2 basics tir, snells law
- 2. Main Topics to be Covered Introduction to optical communication systems Types of Optical communications systems Components of optical communications systems Optical fiber Attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearity Optical receiver and Optical Amplifiers Optical filters and passive optical components
- 3. Books Text Book: Fiber Optic Communication Systems by Govind P Agrawal Reference Books: Optical Networks by Rajiv Ramaswami Nonlinear Fiber Optics by Govind P Agrawal
- 13. Fibre Optics
- 14. EM Spectrum
- 16. Windows of EM Spectrum
- 17. Light
- 18. Light Particles or Waves
- 19. Light Waves
- 20. Ray Theory
- 21. Ray Theory
- 22. Ray Theory
- 23. Ray Theory
- 24. Ray Theory
- 25. Ray Theory
- 26. Critical Angle Angle at which Total Internal Reflection is achieved
- 31. Problem-1 Find the maximum angle that a ray should make with the fibers axis, to remain confined inside the fiber core, if the critical angle for the core cladding interface is /3 radians and the RI of the core is 1.5. Also draw the ray diagram.
- 32. Problem-2 A step-index fiber has a core index of refraction of n1 = 1.425. The acceptance angle for light entering the fiber from air is found to be 8.50o. (a) What is the numerical aperture of the fiber? (b) What is the index of refraction of the cladding of this fiber? (c) If the fiber were submersed in water, what would be the new numerical aperture and acceptance angle?