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E-Foundation: Grammar
Building Strong Foundation is
crucially vital as it does save
you from making unforgivable
ugly mistakes.
The way you speak reflects so
much about you.

E-Foundation
Special Focus on Grammar
Always choose
to be sure !
(Be double or triple sure)

E-Foundation
Whenever in
doubt,
ASK !

E-Foundation
TO BE GGGGREAT,
C O N C E N T R A T E !
TO BE G R E A T, FOCUS!
Z E R O I N !

E-Foundation
20 GRAMMAR ELEMENTARY
RULES
8 Parts of Speech
NO VISION NO MISSION
aIM TO MASTER
20 GRAMMAR RULES

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #1
Subject (Pronoun) VERB TO BE
He (Tuah) Is (was)
She (Teja) Is (was)
It (The Palace) Is (was)
I Am (Was)
You (Singular)(Plural) Are (Were)
We (You & I) Are (Were)
They (Tuah & Teja) Are (Were)

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #2
Subject (Pronoun) VERB TO HAVE
He (Tuah) Has (had)
She (Teja) Has (had)
It (The Palace) Has (had)
I Have (had)
You (Singular)(Plural) Have (had)
We (You & I) Have (had)
They (Tuah & Teja) Have (had)

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #3
Subject (Pronoun) VERB TO DO
He (Tuah) Does (Did)
She (Teja) Does (Did)
It (The Palace) Does (Did)
I Do (Did)
You (Singular)(Plural) Do (Did)
We (You & I) Do (Did)
They (Tuah & Teja) Do (Did)

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #4
 Demonstrative Pronouns:
This Books (Singular) is/ has /does…
ThEse Books (Plural) are/ have/ do
That Books (Singular)…
ThOse BookS (Plural) …

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #5
3rd person
Singular
He }
She } comes / goes
It }
1st person (Singular)
2nd person (S/ Plural)
1st person (Plural)
3rd person (Plural)
I }
You } come / go
We }
They }
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #6
SUBJECT
PRONOUN
OBJECT
PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
HE HIM HIS * / HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER * /HERS HERSELF
IT IT ITS */ ITS ITSELF
I ME MY*/ MY MYSELF
YOU YOU YOUR*/
YOURS
YOURSEL /
YOURSELVES
WE US OUR */ OURS OURSELVES
THEY THEM THEIR */ THEIR THEMSELVES

E-Foundation:
INTRO:Grammar Rule #7
NEGATION
MAIN VERB AUXILIARY VERB
A1. Pak Kaduk met Pak Pandir.
A2. Pak Kaduk did not meet Pak Pandir.
B1. I go to school every day.
B2. I do not go to school every day.
C1. She adores her aunt.
C2. She does not adore her aunt.
X1. She is a pilot.
X2. She is not a pilot.
Y1. He has eaten.
Y2. He has not eaten.
Z1. They will die.
Z2. They will not die.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #7a
CHANGING AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS TO
NEGATIVE ONES:
(A1) HAMID HAS A COAT.
(A1) HAMID DOES NOT HAVE A COAT.
(B1) Mat & Lah have TWO HELPERS.
(B2) Mat & LAH DO NOT HAVE TWO HELPERS.
(C1) You had an exam.
(C2) YOU DID NOT HAVE AN EXAM.

E-Foundation:
OBSERVE THESE SENTENCES:
1. Si Luncai has a new house.
2. Si Luncai had a new coat.
3. Mahsuri has two pencils.
4. Pak Kaduk built a small house.
5. Muthu and I have new books.
6. I wrote a letter.
7. Fatimah is an excellent daughter.
8. Aidit was tall, dark and nasty.
9. Hang Tuah does a good job.
10. Siti Siber did a fabulous assignment.

E-Foundation:
 OBSERVE THESE SENTENCES:
1. She is going to school.
2. They are doing the house chores.
3. The food was eaten by the gorilla.
4. The games were initiated by the English Peer
Aides.
5. He / She / It has begun/ eaten / slept.
6. I / You / We / They have begun / eaten/ slept.
7. He / She / It / I / You / We / They had begun/ eaten/
slept.
8. He / She / It does go to the ball.
9. I / You / We / They do go to the ball.
10. He / She / It / I / You / We / They did go to the ball.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule # 8
QUESTION
YES / NO QUESTIONS WH- QUESTIONS
MAIN VERB AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB AUXILIARY VERB
1. Do you live
here?
2. Does she live
here?
3. Did he live
here?
1. Is he leaving?
2. Can he come?
3. Have you seen
him?
Wh- word;
Who where
What why
Which when
how

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #8a
CHANGING STATEMENTS TO
YES / NO QUESTIONS:
(A1) HAMID HAS A COAT.
(A1) DOES HAMID HAVE A COAT?
(B1) Mat & Lah have TWO HELPERS.
(B2) DO Mat & Lah HAVE TWO HELPERS?
(C1) You had an exam.
(C2) DID you have an exam?

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #9: Modal Auxiliary
(NOUN)
(PRONOUN)
HE
SHE
IT
I
YOU
WE
THEY
SHALL ( I / WE)
SHOULD
CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
WILL
WOULD
HAD BETTER
MUST
HAVE TO
HAVE GOT TO
OUGHT TO
DOes
GOing
EAT
WALK
ate

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #9: Modal Auxiliary
MODAL AUXILIARY (+) BASE FORM /
ROOT VERB
Examples:
1. Lokman may write his name.
2. My father can come.
3. Her niece will play the violin.
4. They must forgive him.
5. We ought to do well in the exam.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #10
Observe the difference:
 ADAM AND JOSEPH ARE …
(2 PERSONS / PLURAL)
THEY
 ADAM OR JOSEPH IS …

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #11: Infinitive (Verb)
TO (+) Base FORM / Root Verb
Examples:
1. She likes to sulk.
2. He wants to eat you.
3. They went to school. (?)
4. We choose to excel in our lives.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #12
 SUBJECT (of a sentence):
= something (sth) or someone that’s
talked, written about or studied;
= the doer [ someone / sth that does
something]

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #13
PREDICATE (in a sentence):
= part of a statement which says sth.
about the subject;
= the story to the subject;
= the explanation of action, condition,
or effect of the subject.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #14
OBJECT (in a sentence):
= receiving the action of a verb or
preposition.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #12, 13, & 14
 Examples:
 I like you.
 She likes me.
 The cat eats the fish.
 You are liked by me.
 I am liked by her.
 The fish is eaten by the cat.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #15 & 16
TRANSITIVE vs. INTRANSITIVE
VERBS VERBS
Transitive Verbs = verbs, followed by
an object
Intransitive Verbs = verbs, NOT
followed by an object

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #15 & 16
TRANSITIVE VERBS INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(a) The farmer raises vegetables.
(raise, raised, raised)
(b) The sun rises in the east.
(rise, rose, risen)
(c) I will set the book on the desk.
(lay, laid, laid)
(d) I will sit in the front row.
(sit, sat, sat)
(e) I am laying the book on the
desk. (lay, laid, laid)
(f) He is lying on the bed.
(lie, lay, lain)
(g) I shined my shoes.
(shine, shined, shined)
(h) The sun shone through the
window. (shine, shone, shone)
(i) I hung my clothes in the closet.
(hang, hung, hung)
(j) They hanged the criminal by the
neck. (hang, hanged, hanged)
(k) He lied to me about his age.
(lie, lied, lied)

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #17
 ADVERB
= words which answer questions beginning with
HOW, WHEN, & WHEN;
= MODIFY verbs; tell us more about
an action or a condition.
Examples:
1. I eat quickly.
2. She walks slowly.
3. They came late.
4. Ali is sometimes naughty.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #17a:Types of Adverbs
MANNER
Quickly
Gently
Softly
Carefully
TIME
Now
Then
Always
Every day
tomorrow
Tonight,
By,
For,
Since this
morning,
FREQUENCY
Always
Occasionally
Sometimes
Usually
Often
Regularly
Frequently
Seldom
Rarely
Hardly
Never
Normally
PLACE
Inside,
Up,
Here,
There,
Outside
Under
above
DIRECTION
Left,
Right,
Toward
North
Straight
Forward
Upward
DEGREE
Completely
Totally
Entirely
Thoroughly
Very
So
Quite
Rather
Almost
Nearly

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #18
 ADJECTIVE
= words that tell us more about NOUNS
and PRONOUNS;
= words that name a quality
Examples:
A red book
A tall boy
Aflin is an intelligent pupil.
He a brainy boy.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #19
 PREPOSITION
= words that show us the position of ………………
a noun: (man)
a noun phrase:
(the fat man)
a pronoun:
(he)
Examples:
The fat man on the bus waved to the girl at the shop.
He waited inside the house.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #19a
 COMMON ONE-WORD PREPOSITION
About above across after along among
around, at before behind below beneath
Beside between by down during for
from in into like near of off on out
over toward under until up upon with
Till to without

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #19B
 TWO-WORD PREPOSITION
According to along with as for
Because of due to away from
Except for owing to far from
Out of up to
together with

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule #19C
 THREE-WORD PREPOSITION
As far as in front of
by means of in relation to
In line with in so far as
In order to in comparison with
On top of in contrast to

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule # 20
 CONJUNCTION
= words that join, connect …
1. words: Tuah and Jebat, tea and coffee,
black and white
2. Phrases: a little girl and her mother, a
glass of water and a cup of coffee
3. Clauses: Everyone in the room left when
the programme ended. Salmah was
looking for a book which she borrowed.

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule # 20A
CONJUNCTION
SIMPLE / COMPOUND SENTENCES
( CONJUNCTION)
COMPLEX SENTENCES
(CONJUNCTION)
AND // OR // BUT
EITHER… OR
NEITHER … NOR
BOTH … AND
NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO
ALTHOUGH,
BECAUSE, HOWEVER,
IF, SO THAT,
IN ORDER THAT,
AS FAR AS,
NO SOONER THAN

E-Foundation:
Grammar Rule # 20B
CONJUNCTION
LOGICAL CONNECTORS SEQUENCE CONNECTORS
and., or, because,
not only..but also,
however,
nevertheless
etc.
Firstly, secondly,
thirdly, next,
then, finally etc.

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20 grammar

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