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20090909_VirtualizationAndCloud 1
Virtualization and
Cloud Computing
Norman Wilde
Thomas Huber

An opening caveat ...
 This talk is based on
speeches at conferences,
discussions with people in
industry, and some
experimentation.
 A lot of people think they
will make a lot of money –
so there is lots of hype!
 But there seems to be
something fundamental
going on. 20090909_VirtualizationAndCloud 2
Some sun
behind the
clouds?

Two Technologies for Agility
 Virtualization:
The ability to run multiple operating systems on a
single physical system and share the underlying
hardware resources*
 Cloud Computing:
“The provisioning of services in a timely (near on
instant), on-demand manner, to allow the scaling
up and down of resources”**
* VMware white paper, Virtualization Overview
** Alan Williamson, quoted in Cloud BootCamp March 2009

The Traditional Server
Concept
Web Server
Windows
IIS
App Server
Linux
Glassfish
DB Server
Linux
MySQL
EMail
Windows
Exchange

And if something goes
wrong ...
Web Server
Windows
IIS
App Server
DOWN!
DB Server
Linux
MySQL
EMail
Windows
Exchange

Concept
 System Administrators often talk about servers as a
whole unit that includes the hardware, the OS, the
storage, and the applications.
 Servers are often referred to by their function i.e. the
Exchange server, the SQL server, the File server,
etc.
 If the File server fills up, or the Exchange server
becomes overtaxed, then the System Administrators
must add in a new server.

Concept
 Unless there are multiple servers, if a service
experiences a hardware failure, then the
service is down.
 System Admins can implement clusters of
servers to make them more fault tolerant.
However, even clusters have limits on their
scalability, and not all applications work in a
clustered environment.

Concept
 Pros
 Easy to conceptualize
 Fairly easy to deploy
 Easy to backup
 Virtually any
application/service can be
run from this type of setup
 Cons
 Expensive to acquire and
maintain hardware
 Not very scalable
 Difficult to replicate
 Redundancy is difficult to
implement
 Vulnerable to hardware
outages
 In many cases, processor is
under-utilized

The Virtual Server Concept
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) layer between Guest OS and
hardware

Close-up*
* adapted from a diagram in VMware white paper, Virtualization
Overview
x86 Architecture
VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor)
Server
1
Guest OS
Server
2
Guest OS
Clustering
Service
Console
Intercepts
hardware
requests

 Virtual servers seek to encapsulate the
server software away from the hardware
 This includes the OS, the applications, and the
storage for that server.
 Servers end up as mere files stored on a
physical box, or in enterprise storage.
 A virtual server can be serviced by one or
more hosts, and one host may house more
than one virtual server.

 Virtual servers can still be referred to by their
function i.e. email server, database server,
etc.
 If the environment is built correctly, virtual
servers will not be affected by the loss of a
host.
 Hosts may be removed and introduced
almost at will to accommodate maintenance.

 Virtual servers can be scaled out easily.
 If the administrators find that the resources supporting a
virtual server are being taxed too much, they can adjust the
amount of resources allocated to that virtual server
 Server templates can be created in a virtual
environment to be used to create multiple, identical
virtual servers
 Virtual servers themselves can be migrated from
host to host almost at will.

 Pros
 Resource pooling
 Highly redundant
 Highly available
 Rapidly deploy new servers
 Easy to deploy
 Reconfigurable while
services are running
 Optimizes physical
resources by doing more
with less
 Cons
 Slightly harder to
conceptualize
 Slightly more costly (must
buy hardware, OS, Apps,
and now the abstraction
layer)

Virtualization Status
 Offerings from many companies
 e.g. VMware, Microsoft, Sun, ...
 Hardware support
 Fits well with the move to 64 bit (very large
memories) multi-core (concurrency) processors.
 Intel VT (Virtualization Technology) provides
hardware to support the Virtual Machine Monitor
layer
 Virtualization is now a well-established
technology

So what about
Cloud Computing?

Suppose you are Forbes.com
 You offer on-line real
time stock market
data
 Why pay for capacity
weekends, overnight?
9 AM - 5 PM,
M-F
ALL OTHER
TIMES
Rate of
Server
Accesses

Forbes' Solution
 Host the web site in Amazon's EC2 Elastic
Compute Cloud
 Provision new servers every day, and
deprovision them every night
 Pay just $0.10* per server per hour
 * more for higher capacity servers
 Let Amazon worry about the hardware!

Cloud computing takes
virtualization to the next step
 You don’t have to own the hardware
 You “rent” it as needed from a cloud
 There are public clouds
 e.g. Amazon EC2, and now many others
(Microsoft, IBM, Sun, and others ...)
 A company can create a private one
 With more control over security, etc.

Goal 1 – Cost Control
Cost
 Many systems have variable demands
 Batch processing (e.g. New York Times)
 Web sites with peaks (e.g. Forbes)
 Startups with unknown demand (e.g. the
Cash for Clunkers program)
 Reduce risk
 Don't need to buy hardware until you need it

Goal 2 - Business Agility
 More than scalability - elasticity!
 Ely Lilly in rapidly changing health care
business
 Used to take 3 - 4 months to give a department a
server cluster, then they would hoard it!
 Using EC2, about 5 minutes!
 And they give it back when they are done!
 Scaling back is as important as scaling up

Goal 3 - Stick to Our Business
 Most companies don't WANT to do system
administration
 Forbes says:
 We are is a publishing company, not a software
company
 But beware:
 Do you really save much on sys admin?
 You don't have the hardware, but you still need to
manage the OS!

How Cloud Computing Works
 Various providers let you create virtual servers
 Set up an account, perhaps just with a credit card
 You create virtual servers ("virtualization")
 Choose the OS and software each "instance" will have
 It will run on a large server farm located somewhere
 You can instantiate more on a few minutes' notice
 You can shut down instances in a minute or so
 They send you a bill for what you use

Any Nasty Details?
(loads of them!)
 How do I pick a provider?
 Am I locked in to a provider?
 Where do I put my data?
 What happens to my data when I shut down?
 How do I log in to my server?
 How do I keep others from logging in (security)?
 How do I get an IP address?
 Etc.

And One Really Important Caveat*
* Cloud BootCamp March 2009

(footnote)
How come Amazon?
 Grew out of efforts to manage Amazon’s own
services
 (Each time you get a page from Amazon, over a
hundred servers are involved)
 See reference Amazon Architecture on their
service design concepts
 They got so good at it that they launched
Amazon Web Services (AWS) as a product

Cloud Computing Status
 Seems to be rapidly becoming a mainstream
practice
 Numerous providers
 Amazon EC2 imitators ...
 Just about every major industry name
 IBM, Sun, Microsoft, ...
 Major buzz at industry meetings

So What’s the Take-Away?
 There seems to be a major revolution
underway in how we manage hardware
 Specify (machine per service or one big
machine with many virtual servers
 Purchase (own it yourself or rent from a
public cloud)
 Use (always-on, or flexible provisioning as
needed ...)
 We may need to rethink both our
research and teaching20090909_VirtualizationAndCloud 28
and
software
?

For UWF:
What About Research?
 The Eucalyptus Project
 From University of California Santa Barbara
 An open source collection of tools to build your
own cloud
 Linux using Xen for virtualization
 An apparently open research area: handling
data
 Regular databases apparently don't scale well
 Especially hard to make elastic (scale up / scale
down)

For UWF:
What About Teaching?
 Our graduates should know about cloud
computing / virtualization
 It will be useful for some applications, though not
for all
 But what are the right learning objectives?
 Awareness (its there ...)
 Mechanics (here’s how to instantiate a server ...)
 Design (how to make a scalable service ...)
 ???

For Fall 2009 ...
 Currently developing a Virtualization / Cloud
Computing “module”
 1 – 2 class sessions plus an exercise
 Target courses (November):
 COP 6990 – Multi-Process Computing (Simmons)
 CTS 4817 – Web Server Administration
(Owsnicki-Klewe)
 Objectives
 Awareness and mechanics of EC2

References
(links are current as of September, 2009)
 VMware Inc., Virtualization Overview,
http://www.vmware.com/pdf/virtualization.pdf
 Todd Hoff, Amazon Architecture,
http://highscalability.com/amazon-architecture, Sept. 18, 2007
 Intel Corp., Technology brief: Understanding Intel® Virtualization
Technology,
http://download.intel.com/technology/virtualization/320426.pdf
 aw2.0 Ltd, Cloud BootCamp March 2009,
http://www.aw20.co.uk/help/cloudbootcamp_march2009.cfm

Where do we go from here?
 Any ideas to keep us out of the rain?

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20090911 virtualizationandcloud

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