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 Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The
first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive
to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle
which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a
clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential
mechanism between the rear wheels.
 A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinand Verbiest has been
said to have built a steam powered vehicle for the Chinese
Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about
the vehicle, only the event. Since Thomas Newcomen didn't
build his first steam engine until 1712 we can guess that this was
possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero's
steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery.
Newcomen's engine had a cylinder and a piston and was the
first of this kind, and it used steam as a condensing agent to form
a vacuum and with an overhead

 walking beam, pull on a rod to lift water. It was an
enormous thing and was strictly stationary. The steam
was not under pressure, just an open boiler piped to
the cylinder. It used the same vacuum principle
that Thomas Savery had patented to lift water
directly with the vacuum, which would have limited
his pump to less than 32 feet of lift. Newcomen's lift
would have only been limited by the length of the
rod and the strength of the valve at the bottom.
Somehow Newcomen was not able to separate his
invention from that of Savery and had to pay for
Savery's rights. In 1765 James Watt developed the first
pressurized steam engine which proved to be much
more efficient and compact that the Newcomen
engine.

 The first vehicle to move under its own power for which
there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph
Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769. A replica of
this vehicle is on display at the Conservatoire des Arts et
Metiers, in Paris. I believe that the Smithsonian Museum in
Washington D. C. also has a large (half size ?) scale
model. A second unit was built in 1770 which weighed
8000 pounds and had a top speed on 2 miles per hour
and on the cobble stone streets of Paris this was probably
as fast as anyone wanted to go it. The picture shows the
first model on its first drive around Paris were it hit and
knocked down a stone wall. It also had a tendency to tip
over frontward unless it was counterweighted with a
canon in the rear. the purpose of the vehicle was to haul
canons around town.

 The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that
they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as
strong as iron. A road thus made out of iron rails became
the norm for the next hundred and twenty five years. The
vehicles got bigger and heavier and more powerful and
as such they were eventually capable of pulling a train of
many cars filled with freight and passengers. many
attempts were being made in England by the 1830's to
develop a practical vehicle that didn't need rails. A series
of accidents and propaganda from the established
railroads caused a flurry of restrictive legislation to be
passed and the development of the automobile
bypassed England. Several commercial vehicles were built
but they were more like trains without tracks

 The development of the internal combustion
engine had to wait until a fuel was available to
combust internally. Gunpowder was tried but
didn't work out. Gunpowder carburetors are still
hard to find. The first gas really did use gas.
They used coal gas generated by heating coal
in a pressure vessel or boiler. A Frenchman
named Etienne Lenoir patented the first
practical gas engine in Paris in 1860 and drove
a car based on the design from Paris to
Joinville in 1862. His one-half horse power
engine had a bore of 5 inches and a 24 inch
stroke. It was big and heavy and turned 100
rpm. Lenoir died broke in 1900.

 Lenoir had a separate mechanism to compress
the gas before combustion. In 1862, Alphonse
Bear de Rochas figured out how to compress
the gas in the same cylinder in which it was to
burn, which is the way we still do it. This process
of bringing the gas into the cylinder,
compressing it, combusting the compressed
mixture, then exhausting it is know as the Otto
cycle, or four cycle engine. Lenoir claimed to
have run the car on benzene and his drawings
show an electric spark ignition. If so, then his
vehicle was the first to run on petroleum based
fuel, or petrol, or what we call gas, short for
gasoline.

 Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a
can in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna
Exhibition of 1873. His later car was called
the Strassenwagen had about 3/4 horse
power at 500 rpm. It ran on crude wooden
wheels with iron rims and stopped by
pressing wooden blocks against the iron
rims, but it had a clutch, a differential and a
magneto ignition. One of the four cars
which Marcus built is in the Vienna
Technical Museum and can still be driven
under its own power.

 The picture to the up,taken in 1885, is of Gottllieb Daimler's
workshop in Bad Cannstatt where he built the wooden
motorcycle shown. Daimler's son Paul rode this motorcycle from
Cannstatt to Unterturkheim and back on November 10, 1885.
Daimler used a hot tube ignition system to get his engine speed
up to 1000 rpm
 The previous August, Karl Benz had already driven his light,
tubular framed tricycle around the Neckar valley, only 60 miles
from where Daimler lived and worked. They never met. Frau
Berta Benz took Karl's car one night and made the first long car
trip to see her mother, traveling 62 miles from Mannheim to
Pforzheim in 1888.
 Also in August 1888, William Steinway, owner of Steinway & Sons
piano factory, talked to Daimler about US manufacturing right
and by September had a deal. By 1891 the Daimler Motor
Company, owned by Steinway, was producing petrol engines
for tramway cars, carriages, quadricycles, fire engines and boats
in a plant in Hartford, CT.

 Steam cars had been built in America since before
the Civil War but the early one were like miniature
locomotives. In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of
physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I.
Case Company built a working steam car. It was
practical enough to inspire the State of Wisconsin to
offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race
in 1878.>(see more on J. W. Carhart story from Fredric
Dennis Williams)
 The 200 mile race had seven entries, or which two
showed up for the race. One car was sponsored by
the city of Green Bay and the other by the city of
Oshkosh. The Green Bay car was the fastest but broke
down and the Oshkosh car finished with an average
speed of 6 mph.

 From this time until the end of the
century, nearly every community in
America had a mad scientist working on
a steam car. Many old news papers tell
stories about the trials and failures of
these would be inventors.
 By 1890 Ransom E. Olds had built his
second steam powered car, pictured at
left. One was sold to a buyer in India, but
the ship it was on was lost at sea.

 Running by February, 1893 and ready for road trials
by September, 1893 the car built by Charles and
Frank Duryea, brothers, was the first gasoline
powered car in America. The first run on public roads
was made on September 21, 1893 in Springfield, MA.
They had purchased a used horse drawn buggy for
$70 and installed a 4 HP, single cylinder gasoline
engine. The car (buggy) had a friction transmission,
spray carburetor and low tension ignition. It must not
have run very well because Frank didn't drive it again
until November 10 when it was reported by
the Springfield Morning Union newspaper. This car
was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until
1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and
presented to the United States National Museum.

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