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20100528 ubiquitous computing_langheinrich_lecture01

Computer Science Club
Computer Science Club

This document discusses the history and future of ubiquitous computing. It describes how computing has evolved from large mainframe computers used by many people to personal computers for individuals to many small computers everywhere for everything. Emerging technologies like embedded processors, wireless connectivity, new materials, improved sensors and localization will enable smart objects to cooperate and form an Internet of Things. Ubiquitous computing promises exciting applications but also presents challenges in infrastructure, usability, security and privacy that must be addressed.

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5/29/2010 Computer 1975 Ubiquitous Computing Marc Langheinrich University of Lugano 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 22 Most 際際滷s courtesy of Prof. F. Mattern: Lecture Series Ubiquitous Computing, ETH Zurich Computer 1990 Computer 2005 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 23 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 24 Size Number Computer 2009 Computing: A Clear Trend One computer (mainframe) for many people One computer (PC) for everyone Many computers for everyone 5/28/2010 25 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 26 1
5/29/2010 Number A Short History of the Computing: A Clear Trend Computing Metamorphosis And the future? computer for yone Internet of Things? Many computers smart for everyone dust? 5/28/2010 Size F. Ma. 27 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 30 The Computer as The Computer as a Calculator a Data Processor If it should ever turn out that the basic logics of a machine designed for the numerical solution of differential equations coincide with the logics of a machine intended to make bills for a department store, I would regard this as the most amazing coincidence that I have ever encountered. -- Howard Aiken, 1956 (MARK I) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 31 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 32 The Computer as a Personal, The Computer as an Interactive Tool Information Device BTX, Germany (1983-2001) Minitel, France (1982-1999) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 33 5/28/2010 34 2
5/29/2010 The Computer as a The Computer as a Toy Communication Device 5/28/2010 35 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 36 Soon: The Computer as Blood pressure too high Im here, Mummy N 51.30.24 W 0.08.19 Accident an invisible and ahead omnipresent background assistance? Wuff! N 52.12.56 W 10.12.08 You lost me here Ground OK needs water April 2007 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 37 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 38 Instead of World inside the The Vision of Ubiquitous Computing Computer... The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric Not like this! of everyday life World inside Computer indistinguishable from it. would be Virtual Reality Mark Weiser (1952 1999), XEROX PARC Basic Motivation of Ubiquitous Computing Integrating computers with intuitive user interfaces The computer as a tool for the everyday, everywhere Things are aware of each other and the environment 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 39 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 40 3
5/29/2010 Computer in the World A Vision Of The Future: The Smart Grid Appliances negotiate energy needs w/ utilities Freezer waits until electricity is cheap, then cools ! Washing machine starts laundry an hour later Energy provider can avoid high energy demand gy p g gy eCar Smart Meter Smart Laundry Smart 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 41 5/28/2010 Grid 42 Image Source: NIST Another Vision Of The Future Forecasting is Hard... (in 1955) Moon Colonies Maglev Trains This particularly too expensive? too expensive? streamlined model Sub-aquatic Cities Supersonic Flight from the year 1975 is + not comfy? the Concorde, and then? Flying Cars Nuclear Fusion an elegant t l t two- + too dangerous? too optimistic? seater with a nuclear Video Phone Households Robots powered engine in is Skype finally it? getting there (Roomba)? the back..." Home-PC I think there is a world market for maybe 5 SMS By-product of mobile telephony, computers. Thomas Watson, CEO of IBM, 43 success without advertising 5/28/2010 5/28/2010 44 F. Ma. 43 1. Moores Law (1965) Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months cheaper, smaller, faster Exponential increase Ubiquitous Computing will probably go on for the next 10 years at same rate TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS (FIVE TRENDS) 5/28/2010 46 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 47 4
5/29/2010 Consequence: Very Small Chips Consequence: Entire Libraries on a Stick Bild: Hitachi 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 48 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 49 2. Progress in Communication Soon: Ubiquitous Connectivity Technology Wireless (and very cheap) access to the Internet At any place Without manual configuration (instant on) Real-world objects can access services on the Internet Everything could be connected together, even objects without a power source Contact-less chip cards Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Near Field Communication (NFC) Nostalgy 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 50 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 51 Communication by Touching Communication by Touching Near Field Communication Short-range interaction with handheld devices (~ 10 cm) mobile phone, NFC/RFID tag camera, PDA, 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 52 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 53 5
5/29/2010 Communication by Touching Communication by Touching Owner: Heinz Lieb Bought on 12 Sep 2007 Intuitive way of interaction Intuitive way of interaction access content and services by access content and services by touching other smart objects touching other smart objects (magic touch) (magic touch) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 54 5/28/2010 55 Friedemann Mattern 3. New Materials Smart Paper, Electronic Ink Pigments keep orientation even after power is cut Low-power displays Smart Paper Micro capsules Top transparent electrode Negatively charged Positively charged black pigment chips white pigment chips Clear fluid Bottom electrode + - Flexible Organic LEDs 0.2 mm No backlight (readable in sunlight)! 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 57 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 58 E-Books (2009) Smart Paper, Electronic Ink Amazon Barnes & Noble Nook, USD 259,- Kindle USD 259,- E-Ink, 2001 5/28/2010 E-Ink, 2005 F. Ma. 59 5/28/2010 60 6
5/29/2010 Flexible Displays: The PC of the Future? 4. Better Sensors Miniaturized cameras, microphones,... Biometric sensors Sensors for temperature, humidity, acceleration,... Location sensors But what about its e.g., GPS energy source? (Fuel cells?) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 61 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 62 Example: Fingerprint Sensor Example: Instrumenting a Golf Ball with Wireless Sensors Technical specifications of the sensor cube: * Antenna: integrated * Transmitter frequency: 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth) CMOS silicon chip * Range of transmitter: ca. 5 m * Clock cycle: 1 x per second Thermal imaging * Lifetime: ca. 200 tee off (built-in power source) * Weight of the Golf ball with microsystem: 48 g 0.4 mm x 14 mm sensing area Finger sweeping interface eGrain image source: Fraunhofer 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 63 5/28/2010 64 Example: Passive Radio Sensors image source: Siemens No external power supply energy from the actuation process piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials transform changes in pressure or temperature into energy 息 MIMOSA project Can be read wirelessly (from up to 20 m) by reflecting RF signal E.g., tire pressure sensor 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 65 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 66 7
5/29/2010 What should (or wants to) be 5. Localisation localised? Keys, pets, luggages, parcels, containers, Technology improves weapons, rental cars, cars that havent paid road smaller, cheaper, more precise toll, expensive things (theft), toxic products, GPS, A-GPS, WiFi, UWB, ... Children? Unfaithful Spouse? POSITION New Applications Foreigners with Visa? N 047属 2317 Finding friends E 008属 For their own safety 3426 Finding lost objects Finding cool places 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 67 5/28/2010 68 Where Does All the Technological Progress Lead To? POSITION Wireless high-speed N 047属 ? 2317 communication NFC/RFID E 008属 Better sensors 3426 Vision SMART OBJECTS Item localization New materials Moores law 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 74 5/28/2010 75 Embedded Processors Allow for Embedded Processors Allow for Cooperating Smart Objects Cooperating Smart Objects Small, cheap, integrated Small, cheap, integrated sensors sensors processors processors wireless communication wireless communication 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 76 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 77 8
5/29/2010 Cooperating Smart Everyday Things? When the tooth brush communicates with the bathroom mirror animated cartoon appears on the mirror brushing the teeth becomes a computer game, the tooth brush becomes a joy stick high-score lists, collect rewarding points, 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 78 image source: Philips F.Ma. 79 Cooperating Smart Objects: Workplace Safety When entering a confined space: Is breathing apparatus detected? Is there a permit to work? Is there more than one person present? Do those present have valid Vision 2 training certificates? SMART PEOPLE Source: BP 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 80 5/28/2010 83 Smart Glasses Smart Glasses Yesterday You could wear a pair of glasses with a small amount of face recognition built- in, look at a person, and his name would pop up in a balloon above his head. You Water Take ...my could know instantly who the person is, Jimmy me out me Brown day b birthday! even if you don't immediately recognize him. I look at my tree, and a little balloon pops up saying, "Water me," I look at my dog, it says, "Take me out," or I look at my wife, it says, "Don't forget my birthday!" Eyeglass with tiny laser and mirrors projects an M. Satyanarayanan (CMU) image directly onto the retina 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 85 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 86 9
5/29/2010 Smart Glasses Today 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 87 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 88 Smart Glasses Tomorrow? SUMMING UP 5/28/2010 89 5/28/2010 91 http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics/augmented-reality-in-a-contact-lens/0 Friedemann Mattern Ubiquitous Computing Things, places and routines are increasingly being computerized, digitized E i i consequences! Exciting ! Huge informatics challenges Infrastructure Usability Security & Privacy 5/28/2010 Tomorrows Lecture! 92 10

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20100528 ubiquitous computing_langheinrich_lecture01

  • 1. 5/29/2010 Computer 1975 Ubiquitous Computing Marc Langheinrich University of Lugano 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 22 Most 際際滷s courtesy of Prof. F. Mattern: Lecture Series Ubiquitous Computing, ETH Zurich Computer 1990 Computer 2005 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 23 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 24 Size Number Computer 2009 Computing: A Clear Trend One computer (mainframe) for many people One computer (PC) for everyone Many computers for everyone 5/28/2010 25 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 26 1
  • 2. 5/29/2010 Number A Short History of the Computing: A Clear Trend Computing Metamorphosis And the future? computer for yone Internet of Things? Many computers smart for everyone dust? 5/28/2010 Size F. Ma. 27 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 30 The Computer as The Computer as a Calculator a Data Processor If it should ever turn out that the basic logics of a machine designed for the numerical solution of differential equations coincide with the logics of a machine intended to make bills for a department store, I would regard this as the most amazing coincidence that I have ever encountered. -- Howard Aiken, 1956 (MARK I) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 31 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 32 The Computer as a Personal, The Computer as an Interactive Tool Information Device BTX, Germany (1983-2001) Minitel, France (1982-1999) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 33 5/28/2010 34 2
  • 3. 5/29/2010 The Computer as a The Computer as a Toy Communication Device 5/28/2010 35 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 36 Soon: The Computer as Blood pressure too high Im here, Mummy N 51.30.24 W 0.08.19 Accident an invisible and ahead omnipresent background assistance? Wuff! N 52.12.56 W 10.12.08 You lost me here Ground OK needs water April 2007 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 37 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 38 Instead of World inside the The Vision of Ubiquitous Computing Computer... The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric Not like this! of everyday life World inside Computer indistinguishable from it. would be Virtual Reality Mark Weiser (1952 1999), XEROX PARC Basic Motivation of Ubiquitous Computing Integrating computers with intuitive user interfaces The computer as a tool for the everyday, everywhere Things are aware of each other and the environment 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 39 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 40 3
  • 4. 5/29/2010 Computer in the World A Vision Of The Future: The Smart Grid Appliances negotiate energy needs w/ utilities Freezer waits until electricity is cheap, then cools ! Washing machine starts laundry an hour later Energy provider can avoid high energy demand gy p g gy eCar Smart Meter Smart Laundry Smart 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 41 5/28/2010 Grid 42 Image Source: NIST Another Vision Of The Future Forecasting is Hard... (in 1955) Moon Colonies Maglev Trains This particularly too expensive? too expensive? streamlined model Sub-aquatic Cities Supersonic Flight from the year 1975 is + not comfy? the Concorde, and then? Flying Cars Nuclear Fusion an elegant t l t two- + too dangerous? too optimistic? seater with a nuclear Video Phone Households Robots powered engine in is Skype finally it? getting there (Roomba)? the back..." Home-PC I think there is a world market for maybe 5 SMS By-product of mobile telephony, computers. Thomas Watson, CEO of IBM, 43 success without advertising 5/28/2010 5/28/2010 44 F. Ma. 43 1. Moores Law (1965) Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months cheaper, smaller, faster Exponential increase Ubiquitous Computing will probably go on for the next 10 years at same rate TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS (FIVE TRENDS) 5/28/2010 46 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 47 4
  • 5. 5/29/2010 Consequence: Very Small Chips Consequence: Entire Libraries on a Stick Bild: Hitachi 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 48 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 49 2. Progress in Communication Soon: Ubiquitous Connectivity Technology Wireless (and very cheap) access to the Internet At any place Without manual configuration (instant on) Real-world objects can access services on the Internet Everything could be connected together, even objects without a power source Contact-less chip cards Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Near Field Communication (NFC) Nostalgy 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 50 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 51 Communication by Touching Communication by Touching Near Field Communication Short-range interaction with handheld devices (~ 10 cm) mobile phone, NFC/RFID tag camera, PDA, 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 52 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 53 5
  • 6. 5/29/2010 Communication by Touching Communication by Touching Owner: Heinz Lieb Bought on 12 Sep 2007 Intuitive way of interaction Intuitive way of interaction access content and services by access content and services by touching other smart objects touching other smart objects (magic touch) (magic touch) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 54 5/28/2010 55 Friedemann Mattern 3. New Materials Smart Paper, Electronic Ink Pigments keep orientation even after power is cut Low-power displays Smart Paper Micro capsules Top transparent electrode Negatively charged Positively charged black pigment chips white pigment chips Clear fluid Bottom electrode + - Flexible Organic LEDs 0.2 mm No backlight (readable in sunlight)! 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 57 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 58 E-Books (2009) Smart Paper, Electronic Ink Amazon Barnes & Noble Nook, USD 259,- Kindle USD 259,- E-Ink, 2001 5/28/2010 E-Ink, 2005 F. Ma. 59 5/28/2010 60 6
  • 7. 5/29/2010 Flexible Displays: The PC of the Future? 4. Better Sensors Miniaturized cameras, microphones,... Biometric sensors Sensors for temperature, humidity, acceleration,... Location sensors But what about its e.g., GPS energy source? (Fuel cells?) 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 61 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 62 Example: Fingerprint Sensor Example: Instrumenting a Golf Ball with Wireless Sensors Technical specifications of the sensor cube: * Antenna: integrated * Transmitter frequency: 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth) CMOS silicon chip * Range of transmitter: ca. 5 m * Clock cycle: 1 x per second Thermal imaging * Lifetime: ca. 200 tee off (built-in power source) * Weight of the Golf ball with microsystem: 48 g 0.4 mm x 14 mm sensing area Finger sweeping interface eGrain image source: Fraunhofer 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 63 5/28/2010 64 Example: Passive Radio Sensors image source: Siemens No external power supply energy from the actuation process piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials transform changes in pressure or temperature into energy 息 MIMOSA project Can be read wirelessly (from up to 20 m) by reflecting RF signal E.g., tire pressure sensor 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 65 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 66 7
  • 8. 5/29/2010 What should (or wants to) be 5. Localisation localised? Keys, pets, luggages, parcels, containers, Technology improves weapons, rental cars, cars that havent paid road smaller, cheaper, more precise toll, expensive things (theft), toxic products, GPS, A-GPS, WiFi, UWB, ... Children? Unfaithful Spouse? POSITION New Applications Foreigners with Visa? N 047属 2317 Finding friends E 008属 For their own safety 3426 Finding lost objects Finding cool places 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 67 5/28/2010 68 Where Does All the Technological Progress Lead To? POSITION Wireless high-speed N 047属 ? 2317 communication NFC/RFID E 008属 Better sensors 3426 Vision SMART OBJECTS Item localization New materials Moores law 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 74 5/28/2010 75 Embedded Processors Allow for Embedded Processors Allow for Cooperating Smart Objects Cooperating Smart Objects Small, cheap, integrated Small, cheap, integrated sensors sensors processors processors wireless communication wireless communication 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 76 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 77 8
  • 9. 5/29/2010 Cooperating Smart Everyday Things? When the tooth brush communicates with the bathroom mirror animated cartoon appears on the mirror brushing the teeth becomes a computer game, the tooth brush becomes a joy stick high-score lists, collect rewarding points, 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 78 image source: Philips F.Ma. 79 Cooperating Smart Objects: Workplace Safety When entering a confined space: Is breathing apparatus detected? Is there a permit to work? Is there more than one person present? Do those present have valid Vision 2 training certificates? SMART PEOPLE Source: BP 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 80 5/28/2010 83 Smart Glasses Smart Glasses Yesterday You could wear a pair of glasses with a small amount of face recognition built- in, look at a person, and his name would pop up in a balloon above his head. You Water Take ...my could know instantly who the person is, Jimmy me out me Brown day b birthday! even if you don't immediately recognize him. I look at my tree, and a little balloon pops up saying, "Water me," I look at my dog, it says, "Take me out," or I look at my wife, it says, "Don't forget my birthday!" Eyeglass with tiny laser and mirrors projects an M. Satyanarayanan (CMU) image directly onto the retina 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 85 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 86 9
  • 10. 5/29/2010 Smart Glasses Today 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 87 5/28/2010 F. Ma. 88 Smart Glasses Tomorrow? SUMMING UP 5/28/2010 89 5/28/2010 91 http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics/augmented-reality-in-a-contact-lens/0 Friedemann Mattern Ubiquitous Computing Things, places and routines are increasingly being computerized, digitized E i i consequences! Exciting ! Huge informatics challenges Infrastructure Usability Security & Privacy 5/28/2010 Tomorrows Lecture! 92 10