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TO KNOW: RECOGNIZE BETTER KNOWN GENERA GENUS COMMON NAME DISTINGUISHING/INTERESTING CHARACTERISTICS Books on reserve and ppt’s

LEMURIFORMES OF MADAGASCAR ALL ENDANGERED HUMANS ARRIVED 1.5 kya

LEMURIDAE (low sexual dimorphism)

True lemurs Multi-male/female Some dichromatic Cathemeral – important pollinators (black lemurs more nocturnal than diurnal - night blooms) Semi-terrestrial quadruped with VCL capabilities FFTK: Brown lemurs salivate on millipedes and roll between hands before eating Crowned Black ( ♀ orange) Brown Mongoose Eulemur

Lemur 1 species: L. catta - ring-tailed lemur Cat-sized, ~6# Herbivores Suffer seasonal periods of food scarcity

Large multi-male/female groups Even in face of food shortages Additional protection from predators Core of females which are dominant to males in food contests

Vulnerable to predators Have distinct alarm calls – aerial vs. terrestrial Males stink fight

Polyspecific association - brown lemurs

Hapalemur Gentle or bamboo lemur 3 sympatric species at 1 site Diet Cyanogenic compounds Niche partitioning: plant part, (level, time?)

SETH PALMER IN MADAGASCAR 11” WALKING STICK!!!

1 species: V. variegata - ruffed lemur Only large lemur to give birth to multiple offspring Don’t survive well in logged areas – eat large fruit from large trees Varecia

Sportive, weasel lemurs Broad distribution 1 sp cannot survive well in logged areas – cannot sustain themselves moving too far between trees Small, drab-colored Nocturnal VCL’s Territorial – ↑ scars ↑ Leaves, ↓ activity, copraphagic Solitary or pairs Single births, parking Lepilemur

CHEIROGALEIDAE Smallest and most primitive lemuriformes

Nocturnal Nest-building - sleep in nests or tree holes during day Some hibernate for as long as 6-9 mos Most store fat in tail 3 pairs nipples Usually multiple offspring (1-4 depending on species)

Allocebus Hairy-eared dwarf lemur Thought extinct (critically endangered) Rediscovered in 1989 1 location in N Madagascar

Cheirogaleus Dwarf/fat-tailed lemurs

Most abundant and widespread of lemurs M. myoxinus – pygmy mouse lemur Smallest primate Adults – 1 oz Microcebus

Infants 1/5 oz, adults 2 oz Females > males Fat (base of tail) - seasonally can increase wt 4x Arboreal quadrupeds but may travel on ground Most faunivorous but ↓% of diet M. murinus Mouse lemurs

Solitary foragers Dispersed polygyny social system Females may congregate in nests Males tolerate one another and may sleep together until mating season Dominant male suppresses subordinate males via urine pheromones Highest predation rates of all primates 2-3 offspring up to twice/yr

Coquerel's dwarf lemur Don’t store fat in tail In addition to usual scent marking, practice scent discharge – perceptible to humans M. coquereli

1 species: fork-marked lemur Gum specialists: Reinforced fingernails for clinging Upper and lower procumbent incisors, long canines Long narrow tongue Large cecum Phaner

INDRIDAE 3 genera which differ in size and activity patterns Specialized leapers with long limbs especially hindlimbs Usually single births with long birth intervals 2 of 3 monogamous Herbivorous

1 species – A. laniger - Woolly lemur Alarm call sounds like name in Malagasy “a ha hy” Nocturnal Avahi

Territorial pairs Male and female stay in close contact, resting or grooming ↑40% of night

Sifaka Long limbs, tail Diurnal Propithecus

One-male or multi-male Infanticide reported Verreaux’s sifaka Females dominant to males Have distinct alarm calls – aerial vs. terrestrial Critically endangered P. candidus

Indri Indris or babakotos (“little man of the forest”) Diurnal

Largest – 13-16# Short stubby tail (vs sifaka)

Territorial pairs – mate face-to-face hanging under branch!

Geophagic High feed, low social

Daubentonia aye-aye Largest nocturnal primate Possibly most widely distributed but low density Medium size - ~5 ½# Good hearing, smell, and manual dexterity -> large brain Mate hanging upside down (1hr)!

Large continuously growing rodent-like incisors 1.0.(1).3/1.0.0.3

Skeletal 3rd digit Metacarpo-phalangeal joint is ball and socket vs. condylar

Nocturnal arboreal quadrupededs Some fear – kill chickens and don’t fear humans Some believe good luck

Specialize on grub/larvae Also eat fruit, coconuts

Hunt by audition, gnaw bark w/ incisors, probe w/ 3rd digit Niche of woodpecker

Crop raiders for coconuts and sugar cane

Build leaf nests Solitary foragers but observed in multi-adult groups BUT Rowe says male overlaps females but females seldom overlap A creature only a mother could love!!! Future chicken killer…YIKES!!!

Galago Bushbabies – some sound like babies crying All species are sympatric with congeners

Small nocturnal VCL’s Solitary foragers Dispersed polygyny Female philopatric Females sleep together in nests

TOO CUTE!!!! In unpredictable areas have 2 litters per year

High insects and gums Male dominance hierarchy based on age and weight

Other species Otolemur – Greater bushbaby – largest Galagoides – Demidoff’s or Zanzibar bushbaby –endangered – when interacting with adults, if kids hold tail in corkscrew pose, not attacked Euoticus – Needle-clawed bushbaby – clawlike nails used to cling/climb - gumnivory

LORIDAE Slow for most part IMI~100 Scapular shield: Elongated cervical spines (hump) Butt, bite, drop Singletons Some parking Opposable thumbs

Perodicticus Potto (“softly” - soft, slow, silent) Forests, savanna, plantations Central and west Africa 1.8-3.5# Short bottle-brush tail Solitary foragers but can be social – groom, play, fight Hunt by olfaction

Slow climber with nose to branch Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Low insects ~10%, high FR 65% gums 21%

Dispersed polygyny ~Monomorphic Infanticide

Angwantibos Smaller, slender Slow climber High insects w/ some fruit Similar social organization as pottos Arctocebus

Pseudopotto I know nothing! Pseudopotto

Loris Slender loris - "banana on stilts" Arboreal quadruped High insects Solitary foragers – males may sleep together or 1 or more with female (Nekaris)

Slow lorises Wide geographic range Tropical rainforest Stockier Slow climbers – can move on top or under branch Powerful grasp – reduced 2nd digit with 1st and 3rd coming together Fruit, insects (especially slow ones), eggs, cocoa Solitary foragers No parking - precocious young cling Nyctocebus

Can sneak up on prey and strike with great speed by perching on its feet and throwing the body forward

Slow loris Toxin in glands in elbows Lick - Mixes with saliva – Fur Parked offspring Nauseates predators Can kill mice When threatened Hold hands above to lick toxins in preparation for the fight

Tarsius Tarsiers Multiple species on various islands Small (adults: 4-5 oz) Anatomical intermediates: Grooming claws, multiple nipples Postorbital closure (but Beard), foveal retina, nasal anatomy, efficient placenta

T. Syrichta (Philippine Tarsier) T. Bancanus (Horsfield’s tarsier) T. Spectrum (spectral tarsier) T. Pumilus (pygymy tarsier) T. Dianae (Dian’s tarsier)

Brain is smooth like carnivores Huge eyes - >brain or stomach Nocturnal but foveal retina

Totally faunivorous – large insects and small animals

Large hands and feet - adaptation for clinging and grasping prey Long legs with many adaptations for VCL >3m

Solitary, pairs, or multi-male, depending on species

Conservation Philippine tarsiers, spectral tarsiers, Dian’s tarsiers and Horsfield’s tarsiers are all on conservation lists (lower risk)

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233 prosimians

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233 prosimians