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The introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical NE Argentina

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Ariel Zajdband
Ariel Zajdband

Aquaculture is being introduced in family farms in Northeast Argentina to increase income. Most farms are small-scale and rely on traditional cash crops like yerba mate and tobacco. Aquaculture is managed semi-intensively, using local fish species and fertilizing with farm byproducts. Fish production depends on pond area and number of ponds. Most fish is consumed or gifted locally rather than sold. State programs help fund pond construction and supplies, but mainly benefit medium to large farms, while fish does not reach the landless poor. Overall, aquaculture provides farm households with fish but has not improved access for all rural communities.

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The introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical Northeast Argentina Ariel Zajdband
Province of Misiones 29,5% population below poverty line (poorest province in Argentina) 206 children died from malnutrition and 6,000 were malnourished in 2010 87% of farms are small-scale family farms European settlement in 1900s (colonos= settlers) Cash crops: yerba mate, tea, and tobacco (vertically integrated)
1990s: neoliberal policies State regulatory agencies dissolution 0.2 Fall in prices of traditional crops 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 Intensification of vertical integration 0.1 0.08 0.06 Crisis of the family farm model 0.04 0.02 0 1990 1995 2000 Yerba mate leaf price (1990-2001) in US$.kg-1
2000s: recovering from the crisis The return of the state intervention Diversification strategy: aquaculture development as a way of increasing farmers income ~2,000 farmers involved in aquaculture Different public-funded programs to support aquaculture development (e.g. pond construction, fingerling supply)
Understanding the role of aquaculture In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self- consumption?
Methodology Visits to farms Interviews with farmers Farmers meetings Statistical analysis
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster analysis (18 variables; n=68) Family and labour- Land use area-related Animal Welfare level- related production-related related Household heads age Industrial perennial # cattle Tractor crops area (has.) # of years of farm Afforested area (has.) # poultry Tea harvester occupation by family? # household members Tobacco area (has.) # swine Housing conditions (made of wood and tin / brick) # contracted temporal Domestic crops area Vehicle (no, car, workers (has.) pick-up) # off-farm family Foraging area (has.) workers Woodland area (has.)
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms Strong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 25 ha Based on perennial crop production; mostly yerba mate and tea: 8,5 ha/farm 61% have a tea harvester 100% Brick-made houses
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms Less on family labour (92% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 40 ha Based on cattle production (mean: 20 heads/farm) and afforestation (mostly pine; mean: 11,67 ha/farm) 33% have a tractor 100% Brick-made houses
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms Strong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 20 ha Based on tobacco (labour intensive) Higher woodland area (untapped) Only 17% have a car 94% of houses made of wood and tin
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms + WEALTH Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms - Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms
In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Pond area x farm cluster High correlation Cluster 3 between pond area and # ponds (r2=0,8954) Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Total Pond Area (m2)
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Raised species Carp polyculture Self-Recruited-species grass carp (main species) Lambar鱈 (Astyanax spp.) common carp silver carp bighead carp Native species Other pac炭 (P. mesopotamicus) Tilapia jundi叩 (R. quelen) s叩balo (P. lineatus)
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Husbandry techniques 100% use animal manure 100% cattle 16% poultry Fertilization 5% swine 6% add inorganic fertilizers 2% 15-15-15 Semi-intensive 4% urea systems 100% on-farm by-products 100% cassava Supplementary 93% corn 78% sugarcane feeding 62% avocado 11% add artificial feed 7% poultry feed 4% fish feed
How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Fish production (kg) x pond area 500.00 450.00 Cluster 1 400.00 Cluster 2 350.00 Cluster 3 300.00 Linear (Cluster 1) 250.00 200.00 Linear (Cluster 2) 150.00 Linear (Cluster 3) y1 = 0,2597x - 18,797 100.00 R族 = 0,9537 50.00 y2 = 0,2018x + 1,2526 R族 = 0,8745 0.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 y3 = 0,2099x - 16,455 R族 = 0,9367
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption? Destination of fish production (kg) x cluster cluster 3 self-consumption (kg) cluster 2 gift (kg) sold (kg) cluster 1 0 50 100 150 200 Significative differences self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) mean sd mean sd mean sd cluster 1 93,10 17,43 11,19 8,05 67,62 76,35 cluster 2 77,00 15,85 22,00 10,85 82,50 104,86 cluster 3 72,14 16,84 8,57 7,70 31,61 106,85
How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption? Destination of fish production (kg) x # ponds 3 self-consumption (kg) 2 gift (kg) sold (kg) 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 Significative differences n harvested ponds self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) farms ponds mean SD mean SD Mean SD 1 84,87 19,12 12,10 8,67 37,24 47,04 38 38 2 73 19,23 9 7,42 208 24,90 5 10 3 72,5 17,68 35 14,14 337,5 53,03 2 6
Discussion The role of aquaculture as a source of income generation is determined by the pond area (or the # of ponds). The amount of ponds per farm is directly related to the type of program from which the farmer got help to introduce aquaculture. Only in 3 farms (4%) ponds were built without the financial help of a publicly-funded program.
Discussion Public-funded programs n = 65 Proyecto Manos a la obra Municipio APTM Pisc鱈cola (n = 18) (n=2) (n=11) (n = 34) Funding National Ministry of Social Province of Cigarette source Development Misiones sales tax Pond 1 3 1-2 1 construction Fingerling Yes Yes No No supply Payment US$ 400 in With harvested US$500 Discounted conditions 12 fish at tobacco installments harvest
Some questions and challenges Who is benefiting the most from aquaculture development? State-supported aquaculture programs: segmented or not? How can we distribute fish so it can be accessed by the poor?
Conclusions The role of aquaculture as an income generation activity depends on the kind of support from the state The main effect of aquaculture is the supply of fish for farm households Fish is not available for the poorest of the poor (landless)
Thank You! Ariel Zajdband zajdband@agro.uba.ar

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The introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical NE Argentina

  • 1. The introduction of aquaculture into family farming systems in subtropical Northeast Argentina Ariel Zajdband
  • 2. Province of Misiones 29,5% population below poverty line (poorest province in Argentina) 206 children died from malnutrition and 6,000 were malnourished in 2010 87% of farms are small-scale family farms European settlement in 1900s (colonos= settlers) Cash crops: yerba mate, tea, and tobacco (vertically integrated)
  • 3. 1990s: neoliberal policies State regulatory agencies dissolution 0.2 Fall in prices of traditional crops 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 Intensification of vertical integration 0.1 0.08 0.06 Crisis of the family farm model 0.04 0.02 0 1990 1995 2000 Yerba mate leaf price (1990-2001) in US$.kg-1
  • 4. 2000s: recovering from the crisis The return of the state intervention Diversification strategy: aquaculture development as a way of increasing farmers income ~2,000 farmers involved in aquaculture Different public-funded programs to support aquaculture development (e.g. pond construction, fingerling supply)
  • 5. Understanding the role of aquaculture In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self- consumption?
  • 6. Methodology Visits to farms Interviews with farmers Farmers meetings Statistical analysis
  • 7. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster analysis (18 variables; n=68) Family and labour- Land use area-related Animal Welfare level- related production-related related Household heads age Industrial perennial # cattle Tractor crops area (has.) # of years of farm Afforested area (has.) # poultry Tea harvester occupation by family? # household members Tobacco area (has.) # swine Housing conditions (made of wood and tin / brick) # contracted temporal Domestic crops area Vehicle (no, car, workers (has.) pick-up) # off-farm family Foraging area (has.) workers Woodland area (has.)
  • 8. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms Strong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 25 ha Based on perennial crop production; mostly yerba mate and tea: 8,5 ha/farm 61% have a tea harvester 100% Brick-made houses
  • 9. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms Less on family labour (92% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 40 ha Based on cattle production (mean: 20 heads/farm) and afforestation (mostly pine; mean: 11,67 ha/farm) 33% have a tractor 100% Brick-made houses
  • 10. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms Strong reliance on family labour (only 5% contract temporal workers) Total surface ~ 20 ha Based on tobacco (labour intensive) Higher woodland area (untapped) Only 17% have a car 94% of houses made of wood and tin
  • 11. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Cluster 2. Forestry-livestock-based farms + WEALTH Cluster 1. Perennial crops-based farms - Cluster 3. Tobacco-based farms
  • 12. In which kind of farm is aquaculture being introduced? Pond area x farm cluster High correlation Cluster 3 between pond area and # ponds (r2=0,8954) Cluster 2 Cluster 1 Total Pond Area (m2)
  • 13. How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Raised species Carp polyculture Self-Recruited-species grass carp (main species) Lambar鱈 (Astyanax spp.) common carp silver carp bighead carp Native species Other pac炭 (P. mesopotamicus) Tilapia jundi叩 (R. quelen) s叩balo (P. lineatus)
  • 14. How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Husbandry techniques 100% use animal manure 100% cattle 16% poultry Fertilization 5% swine 6% add inorganic fertilizers 2% 15-15-15 Semi-intensive 4% urea systems 100% on-farm by-products 100% cassava Supplementary 93% corn 78% sugarcane feeding 62% avocado 11% add artificial feed 7% poultry feed 4% fish feed
  • 15. How is aquaculture being managed in these farms? Fish production (kg) x pond area 500.00 450.00 Cluster 1 400.00 Cluster 2 350.00 Cluster 3 300.00 Linear (Cluster 1) 250.00 200.00 Linear (Cluster 2) 150.00 Linear (Cluster 3) y1 = 0,2597x - 18,797 100.00 R族 = 0,9537 50.00 y2 = 0,2018x + 1,2526 R族 = 0,8745 0.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 y3 = 0,2099x - 16,455 R族 = 0,9367
  • 16. How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption? Destination of fish production (kg) x cluster cluster 3 self-consumption (kg) cluster 2 gift (kg) sold (kg) cluster 1 0 50 100 150 200 Significative differences self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) mean sd mean sd mean sd cluster 1 93,10 17,43 11,19 8,05 67,62 76,35 cluster 2 77,00 15,85 22,00 10,85 82,50 104,86 cluster 3 72,14 16,84 8,57 7,70 31,61 106,85
  • 17. How is aquaculture contributing to income generation and fish supply for rural markets/self-consumption? Destination of fish production (kg) x # ponds 3 self-consumption (kg) 2 gift (kg) sold (kg) 1 0 100 200 300 400 500 Significative differences n harvested ponds self-consumption (kg) gift (kg) sold (kg) farms ponds mean SD mean SD Mean SD 1 84,87 19,12 12,10 8,67 37,24 47,04 38 38 2 73 19,23 9 7,42 208 24,90 5 10 3 72,5 17,68 35 14,14 337,5 53,03 2 6
  • 18. Discussion The role of aquaculture as a source of income generation is determined by the pond area (or the # of ponds). The amount of ponds per farm is directly related to the type of program from which the farmer got help to introduce aquaculture. Only in 3 farms (4%) ponds were built without the financial help of a publicly-funded program.
  • 19. Discussion Public-funded programs n = 65 Proyecto Manos a la obra Municipio APTM Pisc鱈cola (n = 18) (n=2) (n=11) (n = 34) Funding National Ministry of Social Province of Cigarette source Development Misiones sales tax Pond 1 3 1-2 1 construction Fingerling Yes Yes No No supply Payment US$ 400 in With harvested US$500 Discounted conditions 12 fish at tobacco installments harvest
  • 20. Some questions and challenges Who is benefiting the most from aquaculture development? State-supported aquaculture programs: segmented or not? How can we distribute fish so it can be accessed by the poor?
  • 21. Conclusions The role of aquaculture as an income generation activity depends on the kind of support from the state The main effect of aquaculture is the supply of fish for farm households Fish is not available for the poorest of the poor (landless)
  • 22. Thank You! Ariel Zajdband zajdband@agro.uba.ar