4. Speeds
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Speed can be measured in different ways: airspeed is the speed of air passing through a passage; groundspeed is an aircraft's speed relative to the ground; relative speed is the change in position between two objects. There are several types of airspeed: indicated airspeed (IAS) is measured by a pitot-static system without corrections; calibrated airspeed (CAS) corrects IAS for instrument error; equivalent airspeed (EAS) corrects CAS for air density; and true airspeed (TAS) is the airspeed relative to the airmass and corrects EAS for air density based on temperature and pressure. Mach number is the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound in the
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Didactic explanation of how to use the most important feature of the computer side of a Jeppessen CR3Cr3 computer side
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The CR-3 uses a small triangle constructed from the headwind, tailwind, and crosswind components to solve wind problems, rather than the full velocity triangle. It provides logarithmic scales to find true airspeed, equivalent true airspeed, wind correction angle, and ground speed. It also includes linear time and distance scales to solve problems involving time, speed, and distance using the formula: Distance = Speed x Time = Speed x Time.5. triangle of velocities
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The document defines key terms related to vectors and flight planning including:
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The document defines several types of directions used for navigation including:
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The document discusses concepts related to navigation including:
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- Formulas are provided to calculate distances and angles based on latitude, longitude, and great circle track changes between positions.1.the form of the earth
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The document defines key terms related to lines on the Earth's surface including great circles, parallels, meridians, and rhumb lines. It explains that great circles connect any two points on the Earth's surface and are the shortest path between them, while rhumb lines and parallels are not great circles. The document also provides properties and definitions of vertices of great circles, orthomorphic paths, and compression ratio as it relates to the Earth's geometry.0.Introduction
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The document outlines the requirements to obtain a JAR-FCL ATPL (A) license, which allows an individual to serve as an airline transport pilot. It discusses what the license entails, flying from point A to point B and navigating along the way in 3 dimensions. The reasons provided for pursuing this license are to have the ability to perform as a pilot, which is a requirement, and to work as professional pilots who will be examined on their knowledge and skills.Recently uploaded (20)
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4. Speeds
- 2. SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME Three types of speeds: AIRSPEED: Rate of change of position in relation to time, of air molecules as they are flowing though a certain passage GROUNDSPEED: Relative velocity an aircraft has in relation to the ground. (Being the ground considered still) RELATIVE SPEED: Relative change of position between any two objects
- 6. DEFINITION: The one measure by the pitot-static system without any corretions INSTRUMENT ERROR: All inaccuracies shown on an airspeed indicator due to the inherent imperfections of the instrument. (Frictions, readablity, timming, accuracy, scale reading,). Usually considered negligible
- 7. DEFINITION: Airspeed shown on an airspeed indicator whenever the actual incoming from the pitot-static system indication is corrected for INSTRUMENT ERROR. The one actually shown on a usual ASI POSITION ERROR: Missinterpretation of the real airspeed due to the fact of the pitot-static systems incoming not being undisturbed. (Drifting, turbulence, water, maneuvreing,). Taken into account for certain maneuvres and situations
- 8. DEFINITION: Sometimes called Rectified airspeed (RAS) Stands for the IAS corrected for position error. DENSITY ERROR: Due to the fact of the Pitot-Static system only being able to measure dynamic pressure the systems takes into account a constant value for the air density. This mistake increases as density decreases, and so, as altitude increases. 2% each 1000ft AMSL
- 9. DEFINITION: Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) of an airflow taking into account compressibility of the air. Must take into account that the air is taken as not compressible bellow 300Kts DENSITY ERROR: Density varies in accordance with the Ideal Gases Formula P/ = MRT. So temperature and pressure will affect the airspeed indicator reading If T > 0 < 0 ASI will read a lower speed If P > 0 < 0 ASI will read a lower speed
- 10. DEFINITION: Airspeed relative to the airmass in which the aircraft is actually flying. The EAS corrected for density error. 遜 EAS族 = 遜 h TAS族 0 NOTE: Must understand that density thermodinamyc charateristics vary in a known way through the atmosphere
- 11. DEFINITION: Adimensional number that relates the actual airspeed of a body to the speed that the sound would have inside the airmas (with its thermodinamyc charateristics) through wich the body is moving. TAS M LSS TAS M 38 .92 T (尊 K ) LSS 38.92 T (尊 K )