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History of the
Universe
From the Big Bang to Solar System Formation

Introduction
This presentation explores the history of the
universe, starting from the Big Bang and leading
to the formation of galaxies and our solar system.

Definition and explanation
The Big Bang is the leading explanation for the origin of the
universe, proposing that it began as an infinitely dense point
around 13.8 billion years ago, rapidly expanding and cooling
to form matter, energy, and eventually galaxies and stars.

Expansion of the
universe
Following the Big Bang, the universe has continued to
expand at an accelerating rate. This expansion can be
measured through the redshift of distant galaxies,
indicating that space itself is stretching as time progresses.

Cosmic microwave background
radiation
CMBR is the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, filling the
universe and providing vital information about the early
state of the universe. It is a faint glow that is consistent in all
directions, supporting the Big Bang theory.

Nucleosynthesis during Big
Bang
During the first few minutes after the Big Bang, conditions
were suitable for nuclear fusion, leading to the formation
of the universe's first light elements: hydrogen, helium,
and trace amounts of lithium and beryllium.

Formation of hydrogen and helium
Hydrogen and helium were the primary products of Big
Bang nucleosynthesis, constituting about 75% and 25% of
the universe's normal matter, respectively. These elements
are the building blocks for stars and galaxies.

Role of supernovae in element
creation
Supernovae explosions, which occur at the end of a star’s life
cycle, are crucial for the formation of heavier elements such
as carbon, oxygen, and iron. These elements are dispersed
into space, contributing to the material from which new stars
and planets form.

Initial clumping of matter
After the Big Bang, slight density fluctuations in the
primordial plasma led to the initial clumping of matter due to
gravitational forces. This process eventually created structures
that evolved into galaxies. The density variances were crucial
for the formation of galaxies over billions of years.

Types of galaxies
Galaxies are classified into several types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular.
Spiral galaxies, like the Milky Way, have distinct arms; elliptical galaxies
are more rounded and contain older stars; irregular galaxies have no
defined shape and often result from cosmic collisions. Each type has
unique characteristics influencing star formation and evolution.

Evolution of galaxy structures
Over billions of years, galaxies undergo significant changes due to
interactions and mergers with other galaxies. These events can lead
to the formation of new stars, the merging of structures, and the
transformation of galaxy types, affecting the overall dynamics and
composition of each galaxy over cosmic time scales.

Nebular hypothesis
The nebular hypothesis describes how the solar system formed from a
rotating cloud of gas and dust (solar nebula). As it collapsed under
gravity, material formed a proto-sun at the center while surrounding
particles coalesced to form planets, moons, and other celestial bodies
over about 4.6 billion years.

Accretion of planetesimals
Within the forming solar system, small particles collided and stuck
together, forming larger bodies known as planetesimals. These grew
through further collisions and gravitational attraction, ultimately
forming planets, moons, and asteroids. This phase was critical for the
development of the celestial bodies we observe today.

Formation of planets and
moons
As planetesimals coalesced, some became large enough to
become planets. The gravitational pull from these bodies
attracted nearby debris, leading to the formation of moons.
The solar wind from the early Sun also played a role in shaping
the composition and atmospheres of the emerging planets.

Major events and
milestones
Key events in cosmic history include the Big Bang, formation of the first
stars and galaxies, emergence of life on Earth, and the development of
complex organisms. These milestones provide a framework for
understanding the evolutionary history of the universe and our place
within it.

Age of the universe
The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old, based
on measurements of cosmic expansion and the oldest known
star. Understanding the universe's age provides insight into
its evolution and the timescales of various cosmic events,
including the formation of structures and elements.

Future of cosmic evolution
The future of the universe involves continued expansion, with
predictions suggesting changes in galaxy interactions, the fate of
stars, and potential scenarios such as the eventual heat death of
the universe or the Big Crunch. These evolutionary paths depend
on dark energy and the mass-energy balance in the universe.

Conclusions
The history of the universe, from the Big Bang to the formation
of galaxies and our solar system, illustrates the complex
interplay of forces and events that shape cosmic evolution.
Understanding these processes helps us grasp our place in the
universe and the intricate tapestry of cosmic history.

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by 狠狠撸sgo, and
includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik
Thank you!
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