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1) Multiple fields including biology, economics, and psychology view humans as fundamentally self-interested beings who act to maximize their own benefits. 2) Proponents of psychological egoism argue that even seemingly altruistic acts are ultimately motivated by self-interest through mechanisms like reciprocation, social approval, and guilt reduction. 3) Critics argue this view reduces human morality to self-interest and denies the possibility of true altruism, though most agree some forms of altruism could serve hidden self-interested motives.