679957139-1-Grammar-Word-Phrase-Clause-Sentence-1.pdf
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The document defines and provides examples of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. It discusses the smallest units of speech being words. Phrases are groups of words that do not contain a subject and predicate, while clauses contain a subject and predicate. Sentences are groups of words that contain a subject and predicate and express a complete thought with a capital letter and ending punctuation. The document also categorizes types of phrases, clauses, and sentences such as simple, complex, and compound.
679957139-1-Grammar-Word-Phrase-Clause-Sentence-1.pdf
- 1. Word, phrase, clause, sentence Arifah Tenny Romdhati., S.Pd. M.Li
- 2. Word Phrase Clause Sentence Introduction Thesmallest meaningful unit of speech. Group of words that do not contain subject and predicate. It cannot convey a complete thought and also cannot stand alone. Group of words that contain subject and predicate. It conveys a complete thought and also can stand alone. A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and states a complete idea, beginning with a capital letter and ends in punctuation mark.
- 3. Word Thesmallest meaningful unit of speech. A single word shows its function in meaning within a sentence called part of speech.
- 5. Phrase A phrase is a group of related words that does not have subjects and predicates. The words in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part of speech.
- 6. Noun phrase Verb phrase A phrase with a noun as the headword Ex: beautiful girl, special gift, blue house A phrase with a verb as the headword, usually consists of auxiliary and verb Ex: is sleeping, does not study, go fishing, could help, have lived, wanted to participate, was called, will be attending etc. Adjective phrase A phrase with an adjective as the the headword Ex: extremely handsome, really expensive, very cloudy, etc. Adverb phrase A phrase with an adverb as the headword Ex: very quickly, so well a phrase with a preposition as the headword (on the table, beyond comprehension, near the village, to the cinema etc.) Prepositional phrase Types of phrase
- 7. Noun phrase Verb phrase My father bought a new red car. She was reading a novel. Adjective phrase He was extremely happy. Adverb phrase Mu mother drives the car very slowly. The dog was hiding under the kitchen table. Prepositional phrase Types of phrase
- 8. Clause Group of words that contain subject and predicate. It conveys a complete thought and also can stand alone.
- 9. Clause Noun Pronoun Noun phrase Gerund To infinitive Noun clause Subject Predicate + Verb
- 10. Independent clause An independent clause can stand by itself and be a complete sentence. Types of clause Simple sentence I love you. Indonesia has more than 17 thousand islands. I am beautiful. Dependent clause A dependent clause can't make a complete sentence by itself. It begins with a connector and need another clause to complete its meaning. Because it was already dark, we decided to camp there.
- 11. Types of clause Dependent clause What I want for dinner is a hamburger. A special gift which is given by my Ex makes my girlfriend jealous. The group of tourists decided to have lunch in the village because the van needed repairs. Noun clause Acts as noun Adjective clause Acts as adjective Adverb clause Acts as adverb
- 12. Compare these examples: Phrase Types of phrase The building in front of the town square near the public school The man who is standing in the middle of the hall with a black briefcase on his right hand The building is square. The man stood up. Clause Phrase Clause
- 13. Exercise Exercises In the spaces to the left of each number write P for phrase, IC for independent clause, and DC for dependent clause. 1. (___)Thousands of people walk every day 2. (___) While debris covered the park 3. (___) With broken glass in the alley 4. (___) Beside old trucks and cars 5. (___) Many girls were walking 6. (___) To run quickly 7. (___) Traveling at a fast pace 8. (___) Racing against the traffic light 9. (___) Before he left 10. (___) On the floor 11. (___) No one cared 12. (___) Living by herself 1. (___) A few where left 2. (___) No one lives there 3. (___) Reading helps you 4. (___) Under extreme pressure 5. (___) Jumping is exhausting 6. (___) Because they went 7. (___) To act responsibly 8. (___) That she was going 9. (___) Race to the sea 10. (___) Except Mary and Tom 11. (___) When I heard 12. (___) He speaks clearly
- 14. Exercise Exercises Which of the following groups of words are phrases? Which are clauses? Label each one. 1. thinking about how to make a million dollars 2. he stayed up all night, thinking about to make a million dollars 3. cell phone screens are getting bigger 4. my girlfriend loves me 5. the girl who loves me 6. bone-crunching and neck-snapping 7. a taste that I share with many others 8. the desk near the window 9. he has a favourite place to study, the desk near the window 10. she was waiting by the caf辿 11. her friend standing in the corner of the street 12. the book that I bought yesterday
- 15. Sentence A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and states a complete idea, beginning with a capital letter and ends in punctuation mark.
- 16. Simple sentence It has one independent clause (1S +1P) Types of clause Red is my favourite colour. We are college students. Complex sentence Compound sentence It has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) You can use my car, or you may stay here until tomorrow. Teenagers are curious at new things, so they are at high risk of drug abuse. It consists of an independent clause and a dependent clause (subordinate). Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses. Although he came from a poor family, he never gave up achieving his dream.
- 17. Exercise Exercises Underline the dependent clauses and circle the connectors that introduce the dependent clauses. 1. I could make good grades if I studied. 2. He was searching for the money that he had dropped in the snow on Christmas Day. 3. He took his car although he really preferred his motorcycle. 4. I have always hoped that I could someday go to the Super Bowl. 5. If you are too busy for a vacation, at least get some exercise. 6. The men who moved the box were careless. 7. A sentence which contains a subordinate clause is a complex sentence. 8. When you respect others, you win respect for yourself. 9. As it became dark, we looked at the stars through our telescope. 10. While she is away, someone will take her place.