This document provides an outline and overview of guarantees. It defines a guarantee as an undertaking by a guarantor to make payment to a beneficiary if the principal defaults. It discusses the key parties in a guarantee - the beneficiary, principal, and guarantor. It also describes the types of guarantees including conditional/unconditional, fixed/fluctuating, financial, and performance guarantees. Finally, it outlines the benefits of guarantees to banks, principals, and beneficiaries.
Islamic accounting provides an alternative accounting system that aims to enable businesses and organizations to operate according to Shari'ah or Islamic law. It addresses key Islamic financial principles like prohibiting interest, requiring payment of zakat, and promoting profit-and-loss sharing arrangements. The growing Islamic financial industry, estimated at over $1.3 trillion globally, has led to the establishment of standards and regulations to ensure Shari'ah compliance for Islamic financial institutions and their stakeholders.
The document discusses Islamic banking principles and how it differs from conventional banking. It provides details on various Islamic banking concepts like profit and loss sharing, prohibition of riba or interest, and financing based on real assets. Some key Islamic banking contracts discussed include murabaha, istisna, bai muajjal, mudarabah, musharakah, and ijarah-wal-iqtina. While Islamic banking aims to align with Shariah principles, critics argue it resembles conventional banking by simply renaming interest. Implementation challenges also exist regarding monitoring costs and lack of unification among Islamic banks.
A comparison of islamic and conventional banking systemwaqas_qazi862002
油
The document provides an overview of asset liability management, sources and uses of funds, and similarities and dissimilarities between Islamic and conventional banking systems. It discusses how Islamic banks manage assets and liabilities, the main sources and uses of funds, and the core similarities and differences between Islamic and conventional banks.
This document discusses the concept of Ijarah in Islamic finance. Ijarah refers to the leasing or renting of an asset where ownership remains with the lessor. The document outlines different types of Ijarah contracts and how they work, including operating leases where ownership remains with the bank, and financial leases where ownership may transfer to the lessee. It also discusses various terms and conditions that govern Ijarah contracts such as rental rates, security deposits, lease periods, and termination.
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking including its meaning, principles, deposits, differences from conventional banking, benefits, issues and a SWOT analysis. The key points are:
- Islamic banking complies with Sharia law and prohibits interest, requiring profit and loss sharing. It aims to achieve socially and financially acceptable objectives.
- The basic principles are sharing of profit and loss, prohibiting investment in unlawful businesses and interest. Deposits include savings, current and investment accounts.
- It differs from conventional banking in its basis in Islamic principles, risk sharing approach, and status as partners rather than creditors/debtors.
- Benefits include inclusive economic growth, availability of funds, and protection from
RPGT is a tax on gains made from the disposal of real property in Malaysia. It is levied on the difference between the disposal price and the acquisition price of the property. The tax rate is a fixed 5% for disposals made within 5 years of purchase, with no tax for disposals after 5 years. Exemptions are available for individuals' primary residences and for certain transactions like transfers between spouses. RPGT is administered by the Inland Revenue Board and applies to both residents and non-residents of Malaysia.
This document provides an overview of Mudarabah companies and Mudarabahs in Pakistan. It defines Mudarabah as an Islamic financing arrangement where one party provides capital to another party who manages the capital. The government of Pakistan established regulations for Mudarabah companies and Mudarabahs in the 1980s to help Islamize the economy. Mudarabah companies facilitate investment by acting as intermediaries between capital providers and entrepreneurs seeking financing. They examine project proposals and invest capital in viable ventures, generating returns for investors.
The document discusses Musharakah, which is an Islamic financing structure based on profit-and-loss sharing partnership. It defines Musharakah and various types of Shirkah (partnership). It also describes how Musharakah works as a financing model, including diminishing Musharakah. The key differences between interest-based financing and Musharakah are that Musharakah shares profits and losses between partners according to contribution ratios, while interest guarantees a fixed return. The document proposes using market prices and rental data rather than interest rates to determine profit rates for Musharakah financing.
The document discusses the concept and process of Ijarah, an Islamic financing structure where a bank purchases an asset and leases it to a customer. It defines Ijarah, outlines the basic conditions including requirements for the contract, asset, and rental. The process involves the customer requesting financing, the bank acquiring the asset from a vendor and leasing it to the customer, who makes periodic rental payments until ownership transfers at the end of the lease term. Key legal documentation for Ijarah includes letters of undertaking, agency agreements, lease agreements, and sale agreements.
The document discusses key concepts in Islamic business contracts and transactions. It defines riba (usury or interest) which is strictly prohibited in Islam. Riba occurs when there is unjustified excess in loans or commodity exchanges. The Quran revealed the prohibition of riba over four stages. Islamic business aims to avoid riba as well as gharar (uncertainty), maysir (gambling), and unethical goods. Permissible contracts include various sale, lease, partnership and charitable arrangements that comply with Islamic principles.
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking products and services offered by Bank Islami Pakistan Limited. It discusses various Shariah compliant financing modes like Mudarabah, Musharakah, and Diminishing Musharakah used in Islamic home financing. The document also describes different Sukuk structures like Ijarah, Murabahah, Musharakah and their key features. Finally, it summarizes the key features and requirements for opening Islami Bachat and Islami Dollar Bachat accounts.
Based on Islamic Finance principles, Conventional Credit Cards are considered as Unpermissible as it doesnt comply with the Shariah requirement and Interest element is involved. Hence, Islamic Credit Cards were introduced and can be considered as one of the innovative financing products offered by Islamic Financial Institution to meet the demand for interest free credit cards. The slides will provide functions, features and contracts used in Islamic Credit Card.
Islamic banking and finance presentationFatima Faruqi
油
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking principles and Sharia law. It discusses the primary and secondary sources of Sharia law, including the Quran, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtihad. It outlines six key principles of Islamic banking: prohibiting predetermined loan repayments, requiring profit and loss sharing, prohibiting making money from money, banning uncertainty and speculation, only allowing Sharia-compliant contracts, and upholding the sanctity of contracts. It also discusses Islamic law of contracts and asymmetrical risk within Islamic banking.
Understandingof islamicbankbalancesheetHaraf Ahmed
油
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking in Malaysia, including Bank Islam. It discusses key financial ratios and market share data for Bank Islam. The presentation covers Malaysia's perspective on Islamic bank financial statements and accounting equations. It also outlines governance structures for Islamic banks, definitions of banking in Malaysia, principles of Islamic finance, and key aspects of Islamic financial transactions.
Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited (DIBPL) is an Islamic bank established in Pakistan in 2005 as a subsidiary of Dubai Islamic Bank in UAE. It has over 175 branches and 50 branchless booths across Pakistan. The presentation provides an overview of DIBPL's vision, mission, values, products and services which include consumer, home, auto and business financing as well as deposits, branchless banking and SMS banking. It also includes an analysis of DIBPL's financial position, SWOT analysis and recommendations to expand branches in rural areas and introduce new technology.
Islamic banking adheres to Shariah law, which prohibits interest and investing in businesses involving activities like gambling, alcohol, or pork. It utilizes profit and loss sharing models like murabaha, where the bank purchases an asset and sells it to a customer at a markup, and salam, where payment is made in advance for future delivery of a commodity. Salam contracts help farmers obtain financing but both parties face price risk until delivery is made. Islamic banks sometimes use parallel salam contracts to hedge their own price risk from the initial salam.
Assisted hatching is a micro manipulation technique performed in a lab during IVF procedure to improve the chance of pregnancy. It is also known as Zona Hatching, Drilling or Thinning.
Bay al-Inah is a sale contract where an asset is sold with deferred payment at a higher price, and then the seller repurchases the same asset back from the buyer for a lower cash price. Scholars are divided, with the majority prohibiting it as a means to circumvent riba. Supporters argue it follows the rules of a valid sale contract. Modern applications include using it as the basis for various Islamic financing products in Malaysia, provided certain conditions are met.
ISLAMIC BANKING INSTRUMENTS IN APLLYING OF LETTER OF CREDIT (LC) Huzaimah Jaimin
油
This document discusses Islamic letters of credit (ILCs) and how they are applied using different Shariah contracts. It provides an overview of key Islamic trade finance products like Murabahah, Musharakah, and Wakalah that can be used as the basis for ILCs. It then examines the modus operandi and processes for Murabahah, Musharakah and Wakalah ILCs. The advantages of each model are also highlighted. The document aims to explain how ILCs can be structured in compliance with Islamic principles like the prohibition of Riba.
This document defines al-Wakalah as agency, representation or authorization, and discusses its evidence from the Quran and hadith. It outlines the pillars of al-Wakalah as the agent, principal and subject matter. It also discusses the types as limited or unlimited, and conditions related to the contracting parties and subject matter. Finally, it notes modern applications of al-Wakalah contracts in Islamic banking and finance instruments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Murabaha, an Islamic financing structure. It defines Murabaha as a sale where the seller discloses the cost of goods to the buyer and adds a known profit. The key features are that the asset being sold must exist, the sale price must be determined, and the sale must be unconditional. It then outlines the basic 6 step process for Murabaha financing between a bank and client, where the client acts as an agent to purchase goods on the bank's behalf that are then sold to the client. Finally, it lists some common applications of Murabaha for meeting working capital needs, long-term purchases, and trade finance.
Musharakah is an Islamic financing structure where two or more parties agree to contribute capital to a business venture with the goal of sharing profits and losses. It is a form of partnership permitted under Islamic law. The document discusses the definition of Musharakah according to Bank Negara Malaysia, how profits and losses are shared, examples of how it can be applied, its origins in the Quran and hadith, and the consensus of Muslim jurists that it is valid.
This document discusses risk management in Islamic finance. It begins by defining risk as uncertainty about future outcomes. It notes that risk has negative connotations in Western thought but can be neutral or even positive in Islamic thought. The document then examines concepts of risk in the Quran and hadith, finding evidence that risk is a natural part of life but should be mitigated through prudent planning. It discusses classifications and components of risk and various methods of handling risk in accordance with Islamic principles. The learning outcomes are to study the meaning of risk in Islamic sources and explain how Islam perceives risk and risk management.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM NATASHYA AYUNIE
油
The document summarizes the key differences between Islamic banking systems and conventional banking systems. The Islamic banking system is based on Islamic law (Sharia) and prohibits collecting or paying interest. It promotes profit and loss sharing between investors and entrepreneurs. In contrast, conventional banking provides loans and deposits with predetermined interest rates and aims to maximize profit without restrictions. Some other differences include that Islamic banks participate in business partnerships while conventional banks provide loans, and Islamic banks emphasize project viability rather than client creditworthiness.
The document discusses Musharakah, which is an Islamic financing structure based on profit-and-loss sharing partnership. It defines Musharakah and various types of Shirkah (partnership). It also describes how Musharakah works as a financing model, including diminishing Musharakah. The key differences between interest-based financing and Musharakah are that Musharakah shares profits and losses between partners according to contribution ratios, while interest guarantees a fixed return. The document proposes using market prices and rental data rather than interest rates to determine profit rates for Musharakah financing.
The document discusses the concept and process of Ijarah, an Islamic financing structure where a bank purchases an asset and leases it to a customer. It defines Ijarah, outlines the basic conditions including requirements for the contract, asset, and rental. The process involves the customer requesting financing, the bank acquiring the asset from a vendor and leasing it to the customer, who makes periodic rental payments until ownership transfers at the end of the lease term. Key legal documentation for Ijarah includes letters of undertaking, agency agreements, lease agreements, and sale agreements.
The document discusses key concepts in Islamic business contracts and transactions. It defines riba (usury or interest) which is strictly prohibited in Islam. Riba occurs when there is unjustified excess in loans or commodity exchanges. The Quran revealed the prohibition of riba over four stages. Islamic business aims to avoid riba as well as gharar (uncertainty), maysir (gambling), and unethical goods. Permissible contracts include various sale, lease, partnership and charitable arrangements that comply with Islamic principles.
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking products and services offered by Bank Islami Pakistan Limited. It discusses various Shariah compliant financing modes like Mudarabah, Musharakah, and Diminishing Musharakah used in Islamic home financing. The document also describes different Sukuk structures like Ijarah, Murabahah, Musharakah and their key features. Finally, it summarizes the key features and requirements for opening Islami Bachat and Islami Dollar Bachat accounts.
Based on Islamic Finance principles, Conventional Credit Cards are considered as Unpermissible as it doesnt comply with the Shariah requirement and Interest element is involved. Hence, Islamic Credit Cards were introduced and can be considered as one of the innovative financing products offered by Islamic Financial Institution to meet the demand for interest free credit cards. The slides will provide functions, features and contracts used in Islamic Credit Card.
Islamic banking and finance presentationFatima Faruqi
油
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking principles and Sharia law. It discusses the primary and secondary sources of Sharia law, including the Quran, Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtihad. It outlines six key principles of Islamic banking: prohibiting predetermined loan repayments, requiring profit and loss sharing, prohibiting making money from money, banning uncertainty and speculation, only allowing Sharia-compliant contracts, and upholding the sanctity of contracts. It also discusses Islamic law of contracts and asymmetrical risk within Islamic banking.
Understandingof islamicbankbalancesheetHaraf Ahmed
油
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking in Malaysia, including Bank Islam. It discusses key financial ratios and market share data for Bank Islam. The presentation covers Malaysia's perspective on Islamic bank financial statements and accounting equations. It also outlines governance structures for Islamic banks, definitions of banking in Malaysia, principles of Islamic finance, and key aspects of Islamic financial transactions.
Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited (DIBPL) is an Islamic bank established in Pakistan in 2005 as a subsidiary of Dubai Islamic Bank in UAE. It has over 175 branches and 50 branchless booths across Pakistan. The presentation provides an overview of DIBPL's vision, mission, values, products and services which include consumer, home, auto and business financing as well as deposits, branchless banking and SMS banking. It also includes an analysis of DIBPL's financial position, SWOT analysis and recommendations to expand branches in rural areas and introduce new technology.
Islamic banking adheres to Shariah law, which prohibits interest and investing in businesses involving activities like gambling, alcohol, or pork. It utilizes profit and loss sharing models like murabaha, where the bank purchases an asset and sells it to a customer at a markup, and salam, where payment is made in advance for future delivery of a commodity. Salam contracts help farmers obtain financing but both parties face price risk until delivery is made. Islamic banks sometimes use parallel salam contracts to hedge their own price risk from the initial salam.
Assisted hatching is a micro manipulation technique performed in a lab during IVF procedure to improve the chance of pregnancy. It is also known as Zona Hatching, Drilling or Thinning.
Bay al-Inah is a sale contract where an asset is sold with deferred payment at a higher price, and then the seller repurchases the same asset back from the buyer for a lower cash price. Scholars are divided, with the majority prohibiting it as a means to circumvent riba. Supporters argue it follows the rules of a valid sale contract. Modern applications include using it as the basis for various Islamic financing products in Malaysia, provided certain conditions are met.
ISLAMIC BANKING INSTRUMENTS IN APLLYING OF LETTER OF CREDIT (LC) Huzaimah Jaimin
油
This document discusses Islamic letters of credit (ILCs) and how they are applied using different Shariah contracts. It provides an overview of key Islamic trade finance products like Murabahah, Musharakah, and Wakalah that can be used as the basis for ILCs. It then examines the modus operandi and processes for Murabahah, Musharakah and Wakalah ILCs. The advantages of each model are also highlighted. The document aims to explain how ILCs can be structured in compliance with Islamic principles like the prohibition of Riba.
This document defines al-Wakalah as agency, representation or authorization, and discusses its evidence from the Quran and hadith. It outlines the pillars of al-Wakalah as the agent, principal and subject matter. It also discusses the types as limited or unlimited, and conditions related to the contracting parties and subject matter. Finally, it notes modern applications of al-Wakalah contracts in Islamic banking and finance instruments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Murabaha, an Islamic financing structure. It defines Murabaha as a sale where the seller discloses the cost of goods to the buyer and adds a known profit. The key features are that the asset being sold must exist, the sale price must be determined, and the sale must be unconditional. It then outlines the basic 6 step process for Murabaha financing between a bank and client, where the client acts as an agent to purchase goods on the bank's behalf that are then sold to the client. Finally, it lists some common applications of Murabaha for meeting working capital needs, long-term purchases, and trade finance.
Musharakah is an Islamic financing structure where two or more parties agree to contribute capital to a business venture with the goal of sharing profits and losses. It is a form of partnership permitted under Islamic law. The document discusses the definition of Musharakah according to Bank Negara Malaysia, how profits and losses are shared, examples of how it can be applied, its origins in the Quran and hadith, and the consensus of Muslim jurists that it is valid.
This document discusses risk management in Islamic finance. It begins by defining risk as uncertainty about future outcomes. It notes that risk has negative connotations in Western thought but can be neutral or even positive in Islamic thought. The document then examines concepts of risk in the Quran and hadith, finding evidence that risk is a natural part of life but should be mitigated through prudent planning. It discusses classifications and components of risk and various methods of handling risk in accordance with Islamic principles. The learning outcomes are to study the meaning of risk in Islamic sources and explain how Islam perceives risk and risk management.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM NATASHYA AYUNIE
油
The document summarizes the key differences between Islamic banking systems and conventional banking systems. The Islamic banking system is based on Islamic law (Sharia) and prohibits collecting or paying interest. It promotes profit and loss sharing between investors and entrepreneurs. In contrast, conventional banking provides loans and deposits with predetermined interest rates and aims to maximize profit without restrictions. Some other differences include that Islamic banks participate in business partnerships while conventional banks provide loans, and Islamic banks emphasize project viability rather than client creditworthiness.
I momenti pi湛 importanti della travolgente cavalcata araba, raccontatati in una presentazione P.P. : la civilt pre-islamica, l''arrivo di Maometto e la conseguente diffusione della religione islamica, l'espansione politico-militare, le caratteristiche della cultura araba e i suoi retaggi in occidente.
2. Iran Stato dellAsia sud-occidentale, confinante per via di terra con l Armenia , l Azerbaigian , il Turkmenistan , a N (dove, peraltro, il limite 竪 fornito per un tratto anche dal Mar Caspio ), l Afghanistan e il Pakistan a E, la Turchia e l Iraq a O, mentre a S si affaccia sul Golfo Persico e sul Golfo di Oman tra loro collegati dallo Stretto di Hormuz .
3. Aspetto fisico Contrasto fra catene montuose cingono da ogni lato e linterno costituito da un altopiano smembrato in bacini separati di varia grandezza, senza deflusso al mare e per lo pi湛 steppici o desertici. Monti Zagros Pochi fiumi affluenti del Tigri
4. Clima Generalmente arido; umido sulle fasce costiere. Le temperature estive sono elevate, gli inverni freddissimi; marcate escursioni termiche , non solo annue ma anche diurne, estrema siccit in estate
5. Popolazione A) Sotto il profilo etnico, gli Iranici costituiscono la maggioranza: persiani in netta prevalenza, poi beluci, curdi (circa 5 milioni) e popolazioni seminomadi come i lur. B) Distribuzione della popolazione non omogenea: litorale caspico e le alte vallate del NO, regioni fertili e ben irrorate, sono pi湛 popolate; nelle desolate contrade centro-orientali, con qualche eccezione, la popolazione 竪 pressoch辿 assente.
6. Popolazione A) Il 35% della popolazione 竪 considerata rurale e vive generalmente in villaggi, spesso chiusi e fortificati, situati al centro delle oasi o comunque l dove la presenza di acque superficiali consente la pratica irrigua e quindi le coltivazioni agricole. B) Permangono forme di nomadismo C) Forte tendenza allinurbamento aumento del numero delle citt con pi湛 di 100.000 ab., salite da 9 nel 1956 a 38 trentanni dopo.
7. Religione e lingua Lislamismo sciita 竪 la religione dominante, professata dal 93% della popolazione; il resto segue prevalentemente lislamismo sunnita (5,7%). La lingua appartiene al gruppo iranico dellindoeuropeo neopersiano (o frsi ), Nella fase moderna il persiano utilizza lalfabeto arabo con laggiunta di quattro lettere e ha inglobato nel suo lessico un gran numero di arabismi .
8. Condizioni economiche Petrolio Il settore agricolo che assorbe circa il 23% della forza lavoro e contribuisce alla formazione del PIL per il 20% ha visto aumentare le proprie produzioni; tuttavia, la bilancia agricola si mantiene passiva e lIran 竪 costretto a importare derrate alimentari e soprattutto cereali.
9. Condizioni economiche Si coltivano:cotone, barbabietola, canna da zucchero, t竪 e papavero da oppio, ortaggi e frutta. E uno dei maggiori produttori di datteri e di pistacchi. Rilevante 竪 lallevamento ovino
10. Condizioni economiche Poche industrie : scarsit di risorse tecnologiche e inadeguatezza delle infrastrutture; lavorazione degli idrocarburi, con impianti di raffinazione e petrolchimici.
11. Storia Impero dei Medi , gente iranica che tra l8属 e il 6属 sec. a.C. domin嘆 nella zona settentrionale dellaltopiano. Alla supremazia dei Medi dapprima si affianc嘆 e poi (met del 6属 sec.) si sostitu狸 quella dei Persiani veri e propri stanziati nella zona meridionale del paese.
12. Storia Con la famiglia reale degli Achemenidi e il suo capostipite Ciro il Vecchio, lImpero persiano assunse una posizione di primo piano nella storia non solo dellAsia ma di tutto il mondo antico. Con Ciro, fu abbattuto il regno dei Medi (550), poi il regno lidio (546), infine quello babilonese (539).
13. Storia 528 Ciro mor狸 combattendo Cambise, figlio di Ciro, intraprese la conquista dellEgitto (525), ma mor狸 nel 522, mentre faceva ritorno in Persia. Dario I (522-485) comp狸 lopera di Ciro, e port嘆 lImpero persiano allapogeo della potenza.
14. Storia Limmenso impero fu diviso in 20 satrapie , collegate da una mirabile rete stradale e governate da una salda ed elastica organizzazione burocratica , facente capo al sovrano. il potere centrale rispettava la libert religiosa e assicurava la prosperit economica dei singoli popoli sottomessi fastosa vita di corte e per unimponente attivit edilizia (residenze di Susa, Ectabana, Persepoli)
15. Storia Scontro con i Greci insurrezione ionica: 498-94; Prima guerra persiana battaglia di Maratona (490 a.C.) . Serse, figlio di Dario, seconda guerra persiana (battaglie di Salamina, 480 a.C, di Platea e Micale , 479 a.C)
16. Storia Gli episodi principali di questa storia sono: contese per il regno tra i fratelli Artaserse II e Ciro il Giovane, terminate con la disfatta di questo a Cunassa (401) la pace di Antalcida del 386, che ribadiva il dominio persiano sulle colonie greche dAsia Minore, le guerre del 4属 sec., sotto Artaserse III (358-38), per domare le province ribelli.
17. Storia Conquista di Alessandro Magno e il crollo dellantico Impero persiano (battaglia di Isso, 333; di Gaugamela 331; morte dellultimo Achemenide, Dario III, 330) Seleucidi Impero sasanide fino alla conquista araba dopo la morte di Maometto (632 d.C.) Poi Turchi iranizzati
18. Storia Nel 1925 un militare nazionalista noto come Rid Khn che, con laiuto soprattutto britannico, assunse il titolo di sci e fond嘆 una dinastia (1925). Russi e Britannici, preoccupati della germanofilia del regime iraniano, occuparono il paese (1941) assicurando cos狸 alla causa alleata il controllo del petrolio e le vie di comunicazione del Medio Oriente Cessata loccupazione solo nel 1946, comp狸 una scelta di campo filo-occidentale
19. Storia Dal 1977 lopposizione al regime si acu狸, rapidamente conquistata dai religiosi sciiti dellayatollah Khomein朝, in esilio a Parigi dal 1963, e nel gennaio 1979 lo sci fu costretto a lasciare lI., paralizzato da scioperi e manifestazioni, mentre lesercito, si disgregava. Khomein朝 , tornato in patria, assunse la direzione del paese .
20. Storia Il 1属 aprile 1979 fu proclamata la Repubblica islamica dellIran e una nuova Costituzione confer狸 a vita a Khomein朝 il ruolo di guida religiosa del paese. Nel 1979, 50 funzionari dellambasciata statunitense a Teheran furono presi in ostaggio e rilasciati solo nel 1981 in cambio della sospensione delle misure di congelamento dei depositi iraniani negli USA
21. Storia Situazione complessa: timori dellOccidente per la possibilit che la rivoluzione islamica si estendesse Iraq, contando anche sullappoggio occidentale, invase Iran: guerra che si concluse nel 1988
22. Storia Dal 2005 Ahmadinejad : invettive contro Israele, minacciata nella sua stessa esistenza, sostegno alle azioni degli 畍Hezbollh libanesi, grande enfasi posta sul programma nucleare, che hanno esposto il paese alla condanna della comunit internazionale, in particolare degli USA, ma hanno altres狸 permesso allI. di guadagnare prestigio nella regione. Le elezioni del 2009 hanno confermato la presidenza di Ahmadinejad, pur contestata da forti manifestazioni di piazza denuncianti pesanti brogli .