9.2 natural disasters

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The document discusses various types of natural disasters including earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, tornadoes, droughts, avalanches, forest fires, and volcanoes. Each disaster is listed multiple times, suggesting the document is an outline or syllabus for a lesson on natural disasters taught by Mr. Silva in an Earth Science class.

Natural Disasters
Mr. Silva
Ag Earth Science

This document lists different types of natural disasters including avalanche, drought, earthquake, flood, forest fire, thunderstorm, tsunami, tornado, hurricane, and volcanic eruption. Natural disasters can take many forms from geologic events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to weather phenomena like hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and droughts caused by lack of rain. Fires in forests are also considered natural disasters.

8.3 ocean resources and currentsmojavehack

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The document discusses several ways in which the ocean provides resources to humans, including fresh water through distillation, minerals in nodules on the seafloor, and food through fishing and aquaculture. It also notes concerns about increased pollution in the ocean from substances like lead and plastic, as well as how ocean currents circulate globally through surface currents driven by winds and the Coriolis effect and deep currents driven by temperature differences.

Convection currents and continental driftAhmed732

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Subduction zones occur where one tectonic plate slides under another, usually around the Ring of Fire. Convection currents in the mantle cause rocks to rise and fall, powering plate tectonics at the Asthenosphere. Continental drift is when tectonic plate movements cause continents to shift positions over time, an idea first proposed by Alfred Wegener based on matching coastlines, shared rock types, and fossil evidence between continents that were once joined together in the supercontinent Pangaea.

5.0 Rock Cyclemojavehack

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This document discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the rock cycle. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction or cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from extreme heat and pressure changing existing rocks. The rock cycle is also summarized, noting that geological forces cause rocks to change forms over time, passing through the different types.

5.0 Rocks and Rock Cyclemojavehack

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The document discusses the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the rock cycle by which rocks are formed and changed over time. It explains that igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction or cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from extreme heat and pressure changing existing rock types. The rock cycle involves the continuous transformation of rocks between these types through geological forces and processes.

3.3 The Four Types of Mountainsmojavehack

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There are four main types of mountains: folded, fault-block, upwarped, and volcanic. Folded mountains like the Himalayas are formed by continental plate collisions and are often the tallest. Fault-block mountains result from the dropping of rock blocks, creating valleys. Upwarped mountains are pushed up from below by rising magma. Volcanic mountains like the Sierra Nevada are built up from multiple eruptions of lava on the surface.

3.2 Results of Stress Photosmojavehack

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The document discusses how rocks deform under stress through folding and faulting. It defines three types of folds - anticlines, synclines, and monoclines - and four types of faults - normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip. Most mountains are formed at convergent plate boundaries through collision and deformation of crustal plates, with the tallest mountains forming at continental-continental convergent boundaries.

Unit 5 Human Population Dynamicsmojavehack

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This document discusses several topics related to human population dynamics and conservation biology. It begins with introductions to mathematics of population growth, determinants and demographics, world population growth through history, and population growth and the environment. Specific impacts of overconsumption, emissions, pollution, and urbanization are outlined. Consequences of demographic change are then examined, including dependency ratios and demographic dividends. The document also covers demographic convergence, factors influencing human population change, population growth models, and impacts of population growth such as on land use and resource distribution. Key terms related to isolated populations, density-dependent and independent limitations, and conservation biology are defined.

Unit 11 Pollutionmojavehack

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This document discusses primary and secondary air pollutants. It defines primary pollutants as those emitted directly from sources, while secondary pollutants form when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. Examples of primary pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Secondary pollutants include ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and acid rain. The document also discusses specific primary pollutants like carbon monoxide and secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone, their sources and health effects. It addresses aerosols, smog, and laws enacted to control air pollution.

Unit 8 Global Water Resourcesmojavehack

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This document contains summaries of several topics related to global freshwater resources: 1) It discusses groundwater hydrology, which is the study of water beneath the earth's surface, and how it is important for water supply, irrigation, and understanding water development and conservation. 2) Several sections summarize topics like the distribution of freshwater, depletion of resources, water salinization, and diseases caused by lack of access to clean water. 3) The document also covers policies like the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and how stormwater runoff is regulated through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program to prevent pollution of surface waters.

Unit 4 Ecosystemsmojavehack

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This document provides an overview of different biomes and ecological concepts covered in an AP Environmental Science class. It includes definitions of terrestrial and aquatic biomes, descriptions of biogeochemical cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycles, explanations of ecological processes like succession and population dynamics. Various students contributed sections on specific topics like biomes, nutrient cycles, succession, and key terms.

Unit 6 Risk, Exposure and Healthmojavehack

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This document contains summaries and notes from multiple students on various sections of a textbook about risk, exposure, and health. It includes summaries on topics such as: health cost analysis and risk tradeoffs; benefits of hedonic valuation; air toxics and examples; categories of hazardous waste; bioaccumulation and biomagnification; relevant environmental laws; and vocabulary terms. The document covers policies and regulations related to hazardous substances, waste treatment and disposal, cost-benefit analysis, and sustainability.

Unit 2 Earth's Atmospheremojavehack

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This document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and circulation patterns. It discusses key topics like the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, climate zones, and factors that create suitable conditions for life. The atmosphere is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - each with distinct temperature characteristics. Atmospheric circulation is driven by convection, wind patterns, and interactions between air masses. Climate and weather are also influenced by feedback loops within the carbon cycle and factors like albedo that can both amplify and dampen global temperature changes.

Unit 3 The Oceanmojavehack

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This document contains summaries of topics related to ocean structure, currents, and circulation: 1) It outlines different sections on ocean layers and structures, current patterns, the important thermohaline circulation system, and how the ocean affects climate cycles. 2) The thermohaline circulation section explains that it involves density changes from temperature and salinity that drive global ocean currents, and describes how warming, cooling, and salt levels propel water movements. 3) Key ocean currents discussed include the North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water masses that help power the thermohaline circulation.

Unit 1 earth's historymojavehack

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4.65 billion years ago, a solar nebula collapsed, forming planets, asteroids, and other bodies. The outer planets like Jupiter are made mostly of hydrogen and helium, while terrestrial planets like Earth contain more iron and silicates. Early Earth had varying atmospheric conditions, with Mars having a thin cold atmosphere and Venus a thick, hot one dominated by carbon dioxide. Around 540 million years ago, the Cambrian Explosion occurred, resulting in a rapid diversification of multicellular animal life and the appearance of most modern animal phyla. Following mass extinctions, mammals diversified and filled ecological niches once dominated by dinosaurs.

9.1 natural and man made disastersmojavehack

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7.3 star groupsmojavehack

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The document discusses different astronomical objects including stars, constellations, galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy. It notes that while stars appear single, most are actually part of binary or triple star systems. Constellations are patterns of stars that appear close together but are actually extremely far apart. Galaxies are large groups of stars, dust and gas bound by gravity, with the Milky Way being the galaxy where Earth is located.

5.6 alternative resourcesmojavehack

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Alternative energy sources are being explored as fossil fuels diminish, including solar, geothermal, and energy from water and wind. Solar energy can be collected passively through building design or actively through solar collectors. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the earth's interior by drilling wells into hot underground water or steam. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from the force of running water through dams and turbines, while tidal power uses the daily movement of ocean tides. Wind farms employ propeller wind turbines that can power entire communities in windy areas.

7.3 star groupsmojavehack

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8.1 ocean propertiesmojavehack

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Ocean water is a complex solution made up of 96.5% water along with dissolved gases, solids, and tiny organisms. It contains around 75 different chemicals, with the six most abundant being chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and potassium. Salinity increases with evaporation rate and depth, and the relative amounts of dissolved solids remains constant globally due to ocean mixing. Surface water absorbs infrared sunlight, decreasing in temperature with increasing depth due to formation of a thermocline where warm and cold water do not easily mix.

8.2 life in the oceanmojavehack

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The document discusses life in the ocean and divides it into benthic and pelagic zones. The benthic zones include the intertidal, sublittoral, bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones which are defined by their depths and distances from sunlight, with shallower zones receiving more sunlight to support plant life. The pelagic zones are the neritic zone above the continental shelf which is ideal for marine life, and the oceanic zone which has four layers - epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic - defined by increasing depths.

7.2 characteristics and evolution of starsmojavehack

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1) Stars begin as clouds of dust and gases called nebulae. Under gravity, the gases condense to form protostars and begin nuclear fusion, becoming main sequence stars like our Sun. 2) As stars age, they expand and become red giants or supergiants after exhausting hydrogen fusion. Further fusion of helium produces carbon. 3) When further fusion is no longer possible, the star collapses into a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole in a supernova explosion, depending on the star's original mass.

7.1 the solar systemmojavehack

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The document summarizes the key characteristics of the terrestrial and gas giant planets in our solar system. It describes the four inner, rocky terrestrial planets closest to the sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. It then discusses the outer gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune - which are larger and composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. It provides details on attributes such as composition, atmospheres, temperatures, moons, and orbital periods. Pluto is briefly mentioned at the end as a former planet now classified as a dwarf planet.

6.3 circulation cellsmojavehack

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The document discusses the three main air circulation cells on Earth: 1) Hadley cells near the equator where hot air rises and spreads toward the subtropics, bringing high humidity, clouds, and rain with no winter. 2) Ferrel cells between 30-60 degrees latitude with distinct seasons and broadleaf/evergreen forests. 3) Polar cells where icy cold air descends and meets warmer mid-latitude air, suppressing precipitation and creating tundra and taiga biomes near the poles.

6.4 condensed characteristics atmosphere reviewmojavehack

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The document describes the key characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It discusses the composition of the atmosphere, the different layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. It then covers the origin of the atmosphere from outgassing, the appearance of oxygen through photosynthesis, and how human activities have impacted levels of carbon dioxide and ozone over time.

6.2 factors that influence weathermojavehack

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Weather is influenced by many factors including air masses, air pressure, sunlight, greenhouse gases, moisture, mountains, oceans, wind patterns, and human activity. Climate describes weather trends over many years and is impacted by radiation, conduction, convection, altitude, latitude, proximity to oceans, and landmass distribution. Fronts form where different air masses meet and influence local weather conditions.

6.1 layer and composition of the atmospheremojavehack

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The document describes the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It states that the main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), and argon (0.93%). It also lists other minor components like carbon dioxide, water droplets, and various aerosols. The layers of the atmosphere are defined by temperature profiles and include the troposphere where weather occurs, the stratosphere containing the ozone layer, the mesosphere which is the coldest, and the thermosphere where ions are present.

5.4 metamorphic rockmojavehack

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Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical processes deep beneath the Earth's surface. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism caused by heat and pressure during tectonic plate movement, most commonly resulting in chemical changes to the rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified as either foliated or nonfoliated based on their texture.