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This textbook provides an overview of the fundamental principles of geophysics for undergraduate students. It covers topics such as the structure and composition of the Earth and other planets, plate tectonics, gravity, seismology, geochronology, thermodynamics, geoelectricity, geomagnetism, and paleomagnetism. The second edition has been completely revised and updated with the latest research. It includes new exercises and review questions to help students evaluate their understanding.

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Fundamentals of Geophysics Second Edition This second edition of Fundamentals of Geophysics has been completely revised and updated, and is the ideal geophysics textbook for undergraduate students of geoscience with only an introductory level of knowledge in physics and mathematics. Presenting a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of each major branch of geophysics (gravity, seismology, geochronology, thermodynamics, geoelectricity, and geomagnetism), this text also considers geophysics within the wider context of plate tectonics, geodynamics, and planetary science. Basic principles are explained with the aid of numerous 鍖gures, and important geophysical results are illustrated with examples from scienti鍖c literature. Step-by-step mathematical treatments are given where necessary, allowing students to easily follow the derivations. Text boxes highlight topics of interest for more advanced students. Each chapter contains a short historical summary and ends with a reading list that directs students to a range of simpler, alternative, or more advanced, resources. This new edition also includes review questions to help evaluate the readers understanding of the topics covered, and quantitative exercises at the end of each chapter. Solutions to the exercises are available to instructors. 件￥ 件駕 is Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Z端rich, where he has taught and carried out research for over 30 years. His research interests include rock magnetism, magnetostratigraphy, and tectonic applications of paleomagnetic methods. www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
Fundamentals of Geophysics Second Edition WILLIAM LOWRIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Z端rich www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521675963 息 W. Lowrie 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom by T. J. International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-85902-8 ISBN 978-0-521-67596-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Hardback Paperback University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. 7th printing 2014 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
Contents Preface page vii Acknowledgements ix 1 The Earth as a planet 1 1.1 The solar system 1 1.2 The dynamic Earth 15 1.3 Suggestions for further reading 40 1.4 Review questions 41 1.5 Exercises 41 2 Gravity, the 鍖gure of the Earth and geodynamics 43 2.1 The Earths size and shape 43 2.2 Gravitation 45 2.3 The Earths rotation 48 2.4 The Earths 鍖gure and gravity 61 2.5 Gravity anomalies 73 2.6 Interpretation of gravity anomalies 84 2.7 Isostasy 99 2.8 Rheology 105 2.9 Suggestions for further reading 117 2.10 Review questions 118 2.11 Exercises 118 3 Seismology and the internal structure of the Earth 121 3.1 Introduction 121 3.2 Elasticity theory 122 3.3 Seismic waves 130 3.4 The seismograph 140 3.5 Earthquake seismology 148 3.6 Seismic wave propagation 171 3.7 Internal structure of the Earth 186 3.8 Suggestions for further reading 201 3.9 Review questions 202 3.10 Exercises 203 4 Earths age, thermal and electrical properties 207 4.1 Geochronology 207 4.2 The Earths heat 220 4.3 Geoelectricity 252 4.4 Suggestions for further reading 276 4.5 Review questions 276 4.6 Exercises 277 v www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism 281 5.1 Historical introduction 281 5.2 The physics of magnetism 283 5.3 Rock magnetism 293 5.4 Geomagnetism 305 5.5 Magnetic surveying 320 5.6 Paleomagnetism 334 5.7 Geomagnetic polarity 349 5.8 Suggestions for further reading 359 5.9 Review questions 359 5.10 Exercises 360 Appendix A The three-dimensional wave equations 363 Appendix B Cooling of a semi-in鍖nite half-space 366 Bibliography 368 Index 375 vi Contents www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
Preface to the second edition In the ten years that have passed since the publication of the 鍖rst edition of this text- book exciting advances have taken place in every discipline of geophysics. Computer-based improvements in technology have led the way, allowing more sophistication in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. Advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to analyze minute samples of matter in exquisite detail and have contributed to an improved understanding of the origin of our planet and the evolution of the solar system. Space research has led to better knowledge of the other planets in the solar system, and has revealed distant objects in orbit around the Sun. As a result, the de鍖nition of a planet has been changed. Satellite-based technology has provided more re鍖ned measurement of the gravity and magnetic 鍖elds of the Earth, and has enabled direct observation from space of minute surface changes related to volcanic and tectonic events. The structure, com- position and dynamic behavior of the deep interior of the Earth have become better understood owing to re鍖nements in seismic tomography. Fast computers and sophisticated algorithms have allowed scientists to construct plausible models of slow geodynamic behavior in the Earths mantle and core, and to elucidate the processes giving rise to the Earths magnetic 鍖eld. The application of advanced computer analysis in high-resolution seismic re鍖ection and ground-penetrating radar investigations has made it possible to describe subtle features of environmen- tal interest in near-surface structures. Rock magnetic techniques applied to sedi- ments have helped us to understand slow natural processes as well as more rapid anthropological changes that a鍖ect our environment, and to evaluate climates in the distant geological past. Climatic history in the more recent past can now be deduced from the analysis of temperature in boreholes. Although the many advances in geophysical research depend strongly on the aid of computer science, the fundamental principles of geophysical methods remain the same; they constitute the foundation on which progress is based. In revising this textbook, I have heeded the advice of teachers who have used it and who recom- mended that I change as little as possible and only as much as necessary (to para- phrase medical advice on the use of medication). The reviews of the 鍖rst edition, the feedback from numerous students and teachers, and the advice of friends and col- leagues helped me greatly in deciding what to do. The structure of the book has been changed slightly compared to the 鍖rst edition. The 鍖nal chapter on geodynamics has been removed and its contents inte- grated into the earlier chapters, where they 鍖t better. Text-boxes have been intro- duced to handle material that merited further explanation, or more extensive treatment than seemed appropriate for the body of the text. Two appendices have been added to handle more adequately the three-dimensional wave equation and the cooling of a half-space, respectively. At the end of each chapter is a list of review questions that should help students to evaluate their knowledge of what they have read. Each chapter is also accompanied by a set of exercises. They are intended to provide practice in handling some of the numerical aspects of the topics discussed vii www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
in the chapter. They should help the student to become more familiar with geophys- ical techniques and to develop a better understanding of the fundamental princi- ples. The 鍖rst edition was mostly free of errata, in large measure because of the patient, accurate and meticulous proofreading by my wife Marcia, whom I sincerely thank. Some mistakes still occurred, mostly in the more than 350 equations, and were spotted and communicated to me by colleagues and students in time to be cor- rected in the second printing of the 鍖rst edition. Regarding the students, this did not improve (or harm) their grades, but I was impressed and pleased that they were reading the book so carefully. Among the colleagues, I especially thank Bob Carmichael for painstakingly listing many corrections and Ray Brown for posing important questions. Constructive criticisms and useful suggestions for additions and changes to the individual revised chapters in this edition were made by Mark Bukowinski, Clark Wilson, Doug Christensen, Jim Dewey, Henry Pollack, Ladislaus Rybach, Chris Heinrich, Hans-Ruedi Maurer and Mike Fuller. I am very grateful to these colleagues for the time they expended and their unsel鍖sh e鍖orts to help me. If errors persist in this edition, it is not their fault but due to my negligence. The publisher of this textbook, Cambridge University Press, is a not-for-pro鍖t charitable institution. One of their activities is to promote academic literature in the third world. With my agreement, they decided to publish a separate low-cost version of the 鍖rst edition, for sale only in developing countries. This version accounted for about one-third of the sales of the 鍖rst edition. As a result, earth science students in developing countries could be helped in their studies of geo- physics; several sent me appreciative messages, which I treasure. The bulk of this edition has been written following my retirement two years ago, after 30 years as professor of geophysics at ETH Z端rich. My new emeritus status should have provided lots of time for the project, but somehow it took longer than I expected. My wife Marcia exhibited her usual forbearance and understanding for my obsession. I thank her for her support, encouragement and practical sugges- tions, which have been as important for this as for the 鍖rst edition. This edition is dedicated to her, as well as to my late parents. William Lowrie Z端rich August, 2006 viii Preface www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
Acknowledgements The publishers and individuals listed below are gratefully acknowledged for giving their permission to use redrawn 鍖gures based on illustrations in journals and books for which they hold the copyright. The original authors of the 鍖gures are cited in the 鍖gure cap- tions, and I thank them also for their permissions to use the 鍖gures. Every e鍖ort has been made to obtain permission to use copyrighted materials, and sincere apologies are rendered for any errors or omissions. The publishers would welcome these being brought to their attention. ix Copyright owner Figure number American Association for the Advancement of Science Science 1.14, 1.15, 3.20, 4.8, 5.76 American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series 1.16 Geophysical Monographs 3.86 Geophysical Research Letters 4.28 Journal of Geophysical Research 1.28, 1.29b, 1.34, 2.25, 2.27, 2.28, 2.60, 2.62, 2.75b, 2.76, 2.77a, 2.79, 3.40, 3.42, 3.87, 3.91, 3.92, 4.24, 4.35b, 5.39, 5.69, 5.77, B5.2 Maurice Ewing Series 3.50 Reviews of Geophysics 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 5.67 Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4.22, 4.23 Blackburn Press 2.72a, 2.72b Blackwell Scienti鍖c Publications Ltd. 1.21, 1.22, 1.29a Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society and Geophysical Journal International 1.33, 2.59, 2.61, 4.35a Sedimentology 5.22b Butler, R. F. 1.30 Cambridge University Press 1.8, 1.26a, 2.41, 2.66, 3.15, 4.51, 4.56a, 4.56b, 5.43, 5.55 Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo 5.35a Elsevier Academic Press 3.26a, 3.26b, 3.27, 3.73, 5.26, 5.34, 5.52 Pergamon Press 4.5 Elsevier Journals Deep Sea Research 1.13 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1.25, 1.27, 4.6, 4.11, 5.53 Journal of Geodynamics 4.23 Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors 4.45 Tectonophysics 2.29, 2.77b, 2.78, 3.75, 5.82 Emiliani, C. 4.27 Geological Society of America 1.23, 5.83 Hodder Education (Edward Arnold Publ.) 2.44 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
x Acknowledgements Copyright owner Figure number Institute of Physics Publishing 3.47, 3.48 John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2.40, 2.46, 2.48, 2.57, 4.33, 4.46, 4.50 Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 4.57 McGraw-Hill Inc. 2.49, 3.68 Natural Science Society in Z端rich 3.88, 3.89 Nature Publishing Group Nature 1.7, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.24a, 1.24b, 2.69, 4.62, 5.66a, 5.66b, 5.70, 5.71 Oxford University Press 5.31a Princeton University Press 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84 Royal Society 1.6, 2.15 Scienti鍖c American 2.30 Seismological Society of America 1.10, 3.41, 3.45 Society of Exploration Geophysicists 2.56b, 3.68, 5.44 Springer Chapman & Hall 2.74 Kluwer Academic Publishers 4.20 Springer-Verlag 5.41 Van Nostrand Reinhold 2.16, 2.31, 2.32, 3.32, 3.33, 3.51, 3.90, B3.3, 5.33, 5.35b Stacey, F. D. 4.38 Stanford University Press 4.7 Strahler, A. H. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.17a, 3.22, 5.30 Swiss Geological Society 3.43 Swiss Geophysical Commission 2.58, 2.67 Swiss Mineralogical and Petrological Society 3.43 Taylor and Francis Group 2.85, 4.36, 4.37 Terra Scienti鍖c Publishing Co. 5.17, 5.31b, 5.37, 5.38 Turcotte, D. L. 4.33 University of Chicago Press 5.61 W. H. Freeman & Co. 1.33, 3.24, 3.46 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information

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9780521859028 frontmatter

  • 1. Fundamentals of Geophysics Second Edition This second edition of Fundamentals of Geophysics has been completely revised and updated, and is the ideal geophysics textbook for undergraduate students of geoscience with only an introductory level of knowledge in physics and mathematics. Presenting a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of each major branch of geophysics (gravity, seismology, geochronology, thermodynamics, geoelectricity, and geomagnetism), this text also considers geophysics within the wider context of plate tectonics, geodynamics, and planetary science. Basic principles are explained with the aid of numerous 鍖gures, and important geophysical results are illustrated with examples from scienti鍖c literature. Step-by-step mathematical treatments are given where necessary, allowing students to easily follow the derivations. Text boxes highlight topics of interest for more advanced students. Each chapter contains a short historical summary and ends with a reading list that directs students to a range of simpler, alternative, or more advanced, resources. This new edition also includes review questions to help evaluate the readers understanding of the topics covered, and quantitative exercises at the end of each chapter. Solutions to the exercises are available to instructors. 件￥ 件駕 is Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at the Institute of Geophysics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Z端rich, where he has taught and carried out research for over 30 years. His research interests include rock magnetism, magnetostratigraphy, and tectonic applications of paleomagnetic methods. www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 2. www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 3. Fundamentals of Geophysics Second Edition WILLIAM LOWRIE Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Z端rich www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 4. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521675963 息 W. Lowrie 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom by T. J. International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-85902-8 ISBN 978-0-521-67596-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Hardback Paperback University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. 7th printing 2014 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 5. Contents Preface page vii Acknowledgements ix 1 The Earth as a planet 1 1.1 The solar system 1 1.2 The dynamic Earth 15 1.3 Suggestions for further reading 40 1.4 Review questions 41 1.5 Exercises 41 2 Gravity, the 鍖gure of the Earth and geodynamics 43 2.1 The Earths size and shape 43 2.2 Gravitation 45 2.3 The Earths rotation 48 2.4 The Earths 鍖gure and gravity 61 2.5 Gravity anomalies 73 2.6 Interpretation of gravity anomalies 84 2.7 Isostasy 99 2.8 Rheology 105 2.9 Suggestions for further reading 117 2.10 Review questions 118 2.11 Exercises 118 3 Seismology and the internal structure of the Earth 121 3.1 Introduction 121 3.2 Elasticity theory 122 3.3 Seismic waves 130 3.4 The seismograph 140 3.5 Earthquake seismology 148 3.6 Seismic wave propagation 171 3.7 Internal structure of the Earth 186 3.8 Suggestions for further reading 201 3.9 Review questions 202 3.10 Exercises 203 4 Earths age, thermal and electrical properties 207 4.1 Geochronology 207 4.2 The Earths heat 220 4.3 Geoelectricity 252 4.4 Suggestions for further reading 276 4.5 Review questions 276 4.6 Exercises 277 v www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 6. 5 Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism 281 5.1 Historical introduction 281 5.2 The physics of magnetism 283 5.3 Rock magnetism 293 5.4 Geomagnetism 305 5.5 Magnetic surveying 320 5.6 Paleomagnetism 334 5.7 Geomagnetic polarity 349 5.8 Suggestions for further reading 359 5.9 Review questions 359 5.10 Exercises 360 Appendix A The three-dimensional wave equations 363 Appendix B Cooling of a semi-in鍖nite half-space 366 Bibliography 368 Index 375 vi Contents www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 7. Preface to the second edition In the ten years that have passed since the publication of the 鍖rst edition of this text- book exciting advances have taken place in every discipline of geophysics. Computer-based improvements in technology have led the way, allowing more sophistication in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. Advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to analyze minute samples of matter in exquisite detail and have contributed to an improved understanding of the origin of our planet and the evolution of the solar system. Space research has led to better knowledge of the other planets in the solar system, and has revealed distant objects in orbit around the Sun. As a result, the de鍖nition of a planet has been changed. Satellite-based technology has provided more re鍖ned measurement of the gravity and magnetic 鍖elds of the Earth, and has enabled direct observation from space of minute surface changes related to volcanic and tectonic events. The structure, com- position and dynamic behavior of the deep interior of the Earth have become better understood owing to re鍖nements in seismic tomography. Fast computers and sophisticated algorithms have allowed scientists to construct plausible models of slow geodynamic behavior in the Earths mantle and core, and to elucidate the processes giving rise to the Earths magnetic 鍖eld. The application of advanced computer analysis in high-resolution seismic re鍖ection and ground-penetrating radar investigations has made it possible to describe subtle features of environmen- tal interest in near-surface structures. Rock magnetic techniques applied to sedi- ments have helped us to understand slow natural processes as well as more rapid anthropological changes that a鍖ect our environment, and to evaluate climates in the distant geological past. Climatic history in the more recent past can now be deduced from the analysis of temperature in boreholes. Although the many advances in geophysical research depend strongly on the aid of computer science, the fundamental principles of geophysical methods remain the same; they constitute the foundation on which progress is based. In revising this textbook, I have heeded the advice of teachers who have used it and who recom- mended that I change as little as possible and only as much as necessary (to para- phrase medical advice on the use of medication). The reviews of the 鍖rst edition, the feedback from numerous students and teachers, and the advice of friends and col- leagues helped me greatly in deciding what to do. The structure of the book has been changed slightly compared to the 鍖rst edition. The 鍖nal chapter on geodynamics has been removed and its contents inte- grated into the earlier chapters, where they 鍖t better. Text-boxes have been intro- duced to handle material that merited further explanation, or more extensive treatment than seemed appropriate for the body of the text. Two appendices have been added to handle more adequately the three-dimensional wave equation and the cooling of a half-space, respectively. At the end of each chapter is a list of review questions that should help students to evaluate their knowledge of what they have read. Each chapter is also accompanied by a set of exercises. They are intended to provide practice in handling some of the numerical aspects of the topics discussed vii www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 8. in the chapter. They should help the student to become more familiar with geophys- ical techniques and to develop a better understanding of the fundamental princi- ples. The 鍖rst edition was mostly free of errata, in large measure because of the patient, accurate and meticulous proofreading by my wife Marcia, whom I sincerely thank. Some mistakes still occurred, mostly in the more than 350 equations, and were spotted and communicated to me by colleagues and students in time to be cor- rected in the second printing of the 鍖rst edition. Regarding the students, this did not improve (or harm) their grades, but I was impressed and pleased that they were reading the book so carefully. Among the colleagues, I especially thank Bob Carmichael for painstakingly listing many corrections and Ray Brown for posing important questions. Constructive criticisms and useful suggestions for additions and changes to the individual revised chapters in this edition were made by Mark Bukowinski, Clark Wilson, Doug Christensen, Jim Dewey, Henry Pollack, Ladislaus Rybach, Chris Heinrich, Hans-Ruedi Maurer and Mike Fuller. I am very grateful to these colleagues for the time they expended and their unsel鍖sh e鍖orts to help me. If errors persist in this edition, it is not their fault but due to my negligence. The publisher of this textbook, Cambridge University Press, is a not-for-pro鍖t charitable institution. One of their activities is to promote academic literature in the third world. With my agreement, they decided to publish a separate low-cost version of the 鍖rst edition, for sale only in developing countries. This version accounted for about one-third of the sales of the 鍖rst edition. As a result, earth science students in developing countries could be helped in their studies of geo- physics; several sent me appreciative messages, which I treasure. The bulk of this edition has been written following my retirement two years ago, after 30 years as professor of geophysics at ETH Z端rich. My new emeritus status should have provided lots of time for the project, but somehow it took longer than I expected. My wife Marcia exhibited her usual forbearance and understanding for my obsession. I thank her for her support, encouragement and practical sugges- tions, which have been as important for this as for the 鍖rst edition. This edition is dedicated to her, as well as to my late parents. William Lowrie Z端rich August, 2006 viii Preface www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 9. Acknowledgements The publishers and individuals listed below are gratefully acknowledged for giving their permission to use redrawn 鍖gures based on illustrations in journals and books for which they hold the copyright. The original authors of the 鍖gures are cited in the 鍖gure cap- tions, and I thank them also for their permissions to use the 鍖gures. Every e鍖ort has been made to obtain permission to use copyrighted materials, and sincere apologies are rendered for any errors or omissions. The publishers would welcome these being brought to their attention. ix Copyright owner Figure number American Association for the Advancement of Science Science 1.14, 1.15, 3.20, 4.8, 5.76 American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series 1.16 Geophysical Monographs 3.86 Geophysical Research Letters 4.28 Journal of Geophysical Research 1.28, 1.29b, 1.34, 2.25, 2.27, 2.28, 2.60, 2.62, 2.75b, 2.76, 2.77a, 2.79, 3.40, 3.42, 3.87, 3.91, 3.92, 4.24, 4.35b, 5.39, 5.69, 5.77, B5.2 Maurice Ewing Series 3.50 Reviews of Geophysics 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 5.67 Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4.22, 4.23 Blackburn Press 2.72a, 2.72b Blackwell Scienti鍖c Publications Ltd. 1.21, 1.22, 1.29a Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society and Geophysical Journal International 1.33, 2.59, 2.61, 4.35a Sedimentology 5.22b Butler, R. F. 1.30 Cambridge University Press 1.8, 1.26a, 2.41, 2.66, 3.15, 4.51, 4.56a, 4.56b, 5.43, 5.55 Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo 5.35a Elsevier Academic Press 3.26a, 3.26b, 3.27, 3.73, 5.26, 5.34, 5.52 Pergamon Press 4.5 Elsevier Journals Deep Sea Research 1.13 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1.25, 1.27, 4.6, 4.11, 5.53 Journal of Geodynamics 4.23 Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors 4.45 Tectonophysics 2.29, 2.77b, 2.78, 3.75, 5.82 Emiliani, C. 4.27 Geological Society of America 1.23, 5.83 Hodder Education (Edward Arnold Publ.) 2.44 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information
  • 10. x Acknowledgements Copyright owner Figure number Institute of Physics Publishing 3.47, 3.48 John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2.40, 2.46, 2.48, 2.57, 4.33, 4.46, 4.50 Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 4.57 McGraw-Hill Inc. 2.49, 3.68 Natural Science Society in Z端rich 3.88, 3.89 Nature Publishing Group Nature 1.7, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.24a, 1.24b, 2.69, 4.62, 5.66a, 5.66b, 5.70, 5.71 Oxford University Press 5.31a Princeton University Press 2.81, 2.82, 2.83, 2.84 Royal Society 1.6, 2.15 Scienti鍖c American 2.30 Seismological Society of America 1.10, 3.41, 3.45 Society of Exploration Geophysicists 2.56b, 3.68, 5.44 Springer Chapman & Hall 2.74 Kluwer Academic Publishers 4.20 Springer-Verlag 5.41 Van Nostrand Reinhold 2.16, 2.31, 2.32, 3.32, 3.33, 3.51, 3.90, B3.3, 5.33, 5.35b Stacey, F. D. 4.38 Stanford University Press 4.7 Strahler, A. H. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.17a, 3.22, 5.30 Swiss Geological Society 3.43 Swiss Geophysical Commission 2.58, 2.67 Swiss Mineralogical and Petrological Society 3.43 Taylor and Francis Group 2.85, 4.36, 4.37 Terra Scienti鍖c Publishing Co. 5.17, 5.31b, 5.37, 5.38 Turcotte, D. L. 4.33 University of Chicago Press 5.61 W. H. Freeman & Co. 1.33, 3.24, 3.46 www.cambridge.org息 in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85902-8 - Fundamentals of Geophysics: Second Edition William Lowrie Frontmatter More information