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A Sample of Technology Substitution

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Ilja Smorgun
Ilja Smorgun

This document summarizes a study on technology substitution. The study surveyed 101 people about their device and service usage. It found that smartphones, laptops, and desktops were the most commonly used devices. Communication, social networking, and office applications were the most regularly used services. The results also showed differences in device and service usage based on demographics like gender, age, and country of origin. The conclusion recommends considering each target group's unique needs when designing cross-device services and solutions for technology substitution.

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A Sample of Technology Substitution Ilya Shmorgun Mattias Saks David Lamas 1
Introduction 2
Technology Substitution Our activities are being supported by a wide range of digital artifacts. These artifacts can be dynamically substituted based on the context of the activity. 3
Goal of Research Gain an understanding, which artifacts are being used and continuously substituted and under which circumstances. 4
Research Questions Which types of devices people use? In which circumstances people use their devices? Which types of services people use on their devices? Which specific features of those services are used on which devices? 5
Survey 6
Method Semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data about users activities. Qualitative data through open-ended questions. 7
Pilot Study Accidental sampling with 4 respondents for online and 3 for face-to-face testing. Insights into completion times and potential areas of misunderstanding. Improvements to the list of service types. 8
Deployed Study Self-selection sampling. People were invited through Facebook and university mailing lists. 9
Structure Section 1: Personal information Section 2: Services and devices Section 3: Additional questions 10
Results 101 full responses. 58,4% - male; 41,6% - female. 53,5% - under 26 years old; 46,5% - 26 and older. 9 countries represented, with most respondents from Estonia and Cape Verde. 11
Usage of Devices 0 25 50 75 100 Laptop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Smart TV 12
Device Ranking Rank 1st Rank 2nd Rank 3rd Rank 4th Rank 5th Smartphon e 22.8% 36.6% 21.8% 5% 4% Tablet 3% 9.9% 21.8% 15.8% 5% Laptop 53.5% 30.7% 12.9% 1% 0% Desktop 20.8% 17.8% 21.8% 11.9% 3% Smart TV 0% 3% 2% 11.9% 22.8% 13
Regularly Used Services 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Communication Social networking Office applications File sharing Calendars Reading Blogging Note-taking Task management 14
Service Usage on Devices Smartphone Tablet Laptop Desktop Communication 96.1% 96.9% 94.5% 94.4% Social networking 90.9% 84.4% 87.9% 90.7% Office applications 84.4% 90.6% 85.7% 85.2% File sharing 71.4% 68.8% 65.9% 70.4% Calendars 62.3% 68.8% 54.9% 61.1% Reading 51.9% 62.5% 47.3% 48.1% Blogging 48.1% 46.9% 42.9% 40.7% Note-taking 48.1% 43.8% 42.9% 44.4% Task management 40.3% 46.9% 37.4% 37% 15
Additional Analysis Based on the collected demographics we compared: Men and women Estonians and Cape Verdeans People under and above 26 The significance threshold was 10%. 16
Device Usage by Gender Men use more desktops, tablets, and Smart TV-s. Women use more laptops and smartphones. 17
Device Usage by Country Estonians use more devices in general than Cape Verdeans. The most significant difference is in the usage of smartphones and Smart TV-s. 18
Device Usage by Age Older people use more devices. There was an almost 2x difference in usage of desktops and tablets. 19
Device Ranking 20 1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place 5th place Laptop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Desktop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Smart TV All Men Cape Verdeans Men Women Cape Verdeans Men Cape Verdeans All Women Estonians Under 26 Estonians Estonians Over 26 Over 26 Under 26 Over 26
Service Usage Social network usage is skewed more towards women. Men prefer to use calendaring, reading, note-taking, and task management services. Estonians use more calendaring, file sharing, blogging, and task management. Usage of file sharing, calendaring, and blogging is skewed towards those above 26. 21
Service Usage on Devices 22 Men Women Estonians Cape Verdeans Under 26 Over 26 Blogging and task managements done most on tablets, the least on desktops. Use laptops the least across all services. Use laptops the least for reading and calendaring. Do not use smartphones for calendaring at all. Service usage is unevenly distributed, especially in case of file sharing, calendaring, reading, and blogging. Tablets are preferred for reading and blogging. In case of file sharing there is a preference towards desktop usage, whereas reading is done more on tablets, less on laptops. For file sharing, calendaring, reading, blogging, note-taking, and task management, service usage is very unevenly distributed. Smartphones are quite commonly used as well, while laptops are used less. Task management is preferred on mobile devices instead of the desktop.
Discussion People want to be up-to-date anytime, anywhere, and on any device. Cross-device services and the possibility to synchronize data put users on top of things. Yet survey results also show that there are differences in all of the analyzed segments across both device and service usage. 23
Conclusion Take a close look at unique features of each target group when designing solutions for technology substitution. Understand whether people want to have access to services across all of their devices, but are currently not able to, or whether they prefer to use specific devices for specific purposes. Address the implications of designing for ever-changing software and hardware configurations. 24

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A Sample of Technology Substitution

  • 1. A Sample of Technology Substitution Ilya Shmorgun Mattias Saks David Lamas 1
  • 3. Technology Substitution Our activities are being supported by a wide range of digital artifacts. These artifacts can be dynamically substituted based on the context of the activity. 3
  • 4. Goal of Research Gain an understanding, which artifacts are being used and continuously substituted and under which circumstances. 4
  • 5. Research Questions Which types of devices people use? In which circumstances people use their devices? Which types of services people use on their devices? Which specific features of those services are used on which devices? 5
  • 7. Method Semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative data about users activities. Qualitative data through open-ended questions. 7
  • 8. Pilot Study Accidental sampling with 4 respondents for online and 3 for face-to-face testing. Insights into completion times and potential areas of misunderstanding. Improvements to the list of service types. 8
  • 9. Deployed Study Self-selection sampling. People were invited through Facebook and university mailing lists. 9
  • 10. Structure Section 1: Personal information Section 2: Services and devices Section 3: Additional questions 10
  • 11. Results 101 full responses. 58,4% - male; 41,6% - female. 53,5% - under 26 years old; 46,5% - 26 and older. 9 countries represented, with most respondents from Estonia and Cape Verde. 11
  • 12. Usage of Devices 0 25 50 75 100 Laptop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Smart TV 12
  • 13. Device Ranking Rank 1st Rank 2nd Rank 3rd Rank 4th Rank 5th Smartphon e 22.8% 36.6% 21.8% 5% 4% Tablet 3% 9.9% 21.8% 15.8% 5% Laptop 53.5% 30.7% 12.9% 1% 0% Desktop 20.8% 17.8% 21.8% 11.9% 3% Smart TV 0% 3% 2% 11.9% 22.8% 13
  • 14. Regularly Used Services 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Communication Social networking Office applications File sharing Calendars Reading Blogging Note-taking Task management 14
  • 15. Service Usage on Devices Smartphone Tablet Laptop Desktop Communication 96.1% 96.9% 94.5% 94.4% Social networking 90.9% 84.4% 87.9% 90.7% Office applications 84.4% 90.6% 85.7% 85.2% File sharing 71.4% 68.8% 65.9% 70.4% Calendars 62.3% 68.8% 54.9% 61.1% Reading 51.9% 62.5% 47.3% 48.1% Blogging 48.1% 46.9% 42.9% 40.7% Note-taking 48.1% 43.8% 42.9% 44.4% Task management 40.3% 46.9% 37.4% 37% 15
  • 16. Additional Analysis Based on the collected demographics we compared: Men and women Estonians and Cape Verdeans People under and above 26 The significance threshold was 10%. 16
  • 17. Device Usage by Gender Men use more desktops, tablets, and Smart TV-s. Women use more laptops and smartphones. 17
  • 18. Device Usage by Country Estonians use more devices in general than Cape Verdeans. The most significant difference is in the usage of smartphones and Smart TV-s. 18
  • 19. Device Usage by Age Older people use more devices. There was an almost 2x difference in usage of desktops and tablets. 19
  • 20. Device Ranking 20 1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place 5th place Laptop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Desktop Smartphone Desktop Tablet Smart TV All Men Cape Verdeans Men Women Cape Verdeans Men Cape Verdeans All Women Estonians Under 26 Estonians Estonians Over 26 Over 26 Under 26 Over 26
  • 21. Service Usage Social network usage is skewed more towards women. Men prefer to use calendaring, reading, note-taking, and task management services. Estonians use more calendaring, file sharing, blogging, and task management. Usage of file sharing, calendaring, and blogging is skewed towards those above 26. 21
  • 22. Service Usage on Devices 22 Men Women Estonians Cape Verdeans Under 26 Over 26 Blogging and task managements done most on tablets, the least on desktops. Use laptops the least across all services. Use laptops the least for reading and calendaring. Do not use smartphones for calendaring at all. Service usage is unevenly distributed, especially in case of file sharing, calendaring, reading, and blogging. Tablets are preferred for reading and blogging. In case of file sharing there is a preference towards desktop usage, whereas reading is done more on tablets, less on laptops. For file sharing, calendaring, reading, blogging, note-taking, and task management, service usage is very unevenly distributed. Smartphones are quite commonly used as well, while laptops are used less. Task management is preferred on mobile devices instead of the desktop.
  • 23. Discussion People want to be up-to-date anytime, anywhere, and on any device. Cross-device services and the possibility to synchronize data put users on top of things. Yet survey results also show that there are differences in all of the analyzed segments across both device and service usage. 23
  • 24. Conclusion Take a close look at unique features of each target group when designing solutions for technology substitution. Understand whether people want to have access to services across all of their devices, but are currently not able to, or whether they prefer to use specific devices for specific purposes. Address the implications of designing for ever-changing software and hardware configurations. 24

Editor's Notes

  • #9: The sample was drawn from the part of the population close to hand. The resulting sample was not representative but sufficient for the purposes of the pilot study.
  • #10: The sample is based on the judgement of the researcher. Participants are invited to answer an online questionnaire and the sampling minimizes the time needed to contact respondents as well as increases the chances that they will answer the survey. The selection however may be biased and so our generalizations are made only on the level of the sample.
  • #17: 10% was selected because most resulted differed by either less or significantly more than 10%.