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- 1. Question 3 There are six barriers to communication anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations, and language problems. Intercultural communication allows people to communicate across cultures without prejudices and failing to pass the message appropriately. Knowledge of intercultural communication allows people to work anywhere around the world because they are able to create rapport with anybody and can effectively conduct business. Some of the barriers to intercultural communications is language, ethnocentrism and stereotyping. To overcome these barriers, one needs to have a grasp of international languages and all times be relative, suspending own cultural biases and prejudices. The differences in two countries' culture with regards to business ethics issue impacts how local values influence the concept of global business ethics. Each nation contains unique cultures and distinctive beliefs about what business activities are acceptable or unethical. We have two distinguished concept to differentiate with regards to national culture. We have tangible and intangible items like for example is artifacts (tangible) and concepts and values (intangible). Having lower environmental standards and workplace safety standards for doing business can also create ethical issues among two different countries. So in order to do business internationally and cater to the specific needs of local customers, we have to become culturally sensitive to adopt the culture of host country. Because we have global ethics, no matter what your culture is since every country observes global ethics, we should respect differences between other countries. QUESTION 4 Ethical Issues in Business: The Definition Before going any further, its important to understand what we mean by ethical issues in business today. Ethics is a broad term. At its core, acting ethically in business means building a company around integrity and trust as well as complying with regulations. However, there are many other issues that fall under the ethical issues in business definition,
- 2. including empathy, diversity and acceptance, and carrying out business in accordance to the companys values. Types of Ethical Issues in Business If you are to run an ethical business, you first need to know what types of issues you can expect to face and may need to overcome. 1. Discrimination One of the biggest ethical issues affecting the business world in 2020 is discrimination. In the last few months, many corporations have come under fire for lacking a diverse workforce, which is often down to discrimination. However, discrimination can occur at businesses of all sizes. It applies to any action that causes an employee to receive unequal treatment. Discrimination is not just unethical; in many cases, it is also illegal. There are statutes to protect employees from discrimination based on age, gender, race, religion, disability, and more. Nonetheless, the gender and race pay gaps show that discrimination is still rampant. Other common instances of discrimination include firing employees when they reach a certain age or giving fewer promotions to people of ethnic minorities. 2. Harassment The second major ethical issue businesses face is harassment, which is often related to racism or sexism. This can come in the form of verbal abuse, sexual abuse, teasing, racial slurs, or bullying. Harassment can come from anyone in the company, as well as from customers. In particular, it is an ethical issue for the business if a supervisor is aware of harassment from a client and takes no action to prevent it.
- 3. In addition to causing a toxic workplace, harassment can cause employees to leave the company prematurely a second reason why some businesses lack diversity. Harassment can have a long-term impact on employees: psychologically, in terms of earnings, and even impacting a persons entire career path. 3. Unethical Accounting Publicly-traded companies may engage in unethical accounting to appear more profitable than they actually are. In other cases, an accountant or bookkeeper may change records to skim off the top. 4. Health and Safety Another type of ethical issue that is often protected by law is health and safety. Companies may decide to cut corners to reduce costs or perform tasks faster. As well as injuries, failing to take workers safety into account can lead to psychosocial risks (like job insecurity or lack of autonomy), which can cause work-related stress. 5. Abuse of Leadership Authority Abuse of power often manifests as harassment or discrimination. However, those in a leadership role can also use their authority to pressure employees to skip over some aspects of proper procedure to save time (potentially putting the employee at risk), punish workers who are unable to meet unreasonable goals, or ask for inappropriate favors. In addition, abuse of authority can extend beyond the workforce. Managers can use their position to change reports, give themselves credit for the work of a subordinate, misuse expenses, and accept gifts from suppliers or clients.
- 4. 6. Nepotism and Favoritism Nepotism is when a company hires someone for being a family member. Favoritism occurs when a manager treats an employee better than other workers for personal reasons. Not only are nepotism and favoritism unfair, they are also disheartening to employees. Workers often find they have to work much harder to receive a promotion or other rewards. QUESTION 2 Decision Making The synchronized leader. Follow-through is key tobeing seen as leadership material in regions such as Northeast Asia (e.g., Mainland China, South Korea, and Japan), Indonesia, Thailand, the UAE, and much of Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Chile). In order to ascend the organizational ranks, such leaders must seek consensus on decisions and drive others through a keen process orientation. Business cycles can take longer as a result. But once all stakeholders are onboard, the deal needs to close fast or there is risk of jeopardizing the agreement. Synchronized leaders tend to be prudent and are more focused on potential threats than rewards. The opportunistic leader. Leaders whoself-initiate and demonstrate flexibility on how to achieve a goal tend to be more desirable in Germanic and Nordic Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway), the UK, Western countries on which the UK had substantial cultural influence (the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand), and Asian countries that based their governing and economic institutions on the British model (India, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong). More or less individualistic, these leaders thrive in ambiguity. However, checking in frequently with team members is advised to ensure others keep up with changing plans. Opportunistic leaders tend to be ambitious risk takers. Communication Style The straight-shooting leader. In some regions employees expect their leaders to confront issues straightforwardly. In Northeast Asia and countries like the Netherlands, excessive communication is less appealing in the leadership ranks people just want you to get to the point. Accordingly, task-oriented leaders are
- 5. preferred. Impromptu performance review meetings with direct reports occur more commonly in these locations, and leaders address undesirable behaviors from team members as soon as they are observed. Straight-shooting leaders tend to be less interpersonally sensitive. The diplomatic leader. In certain countries communication finesse and careful messaging are important not only to getting along but also to getting ahead. In places like New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and much of Latin America, employees prefer to work for bosses who are able to keep business conversations pleasant and friendly. Constructive confrontation needs to be handled with empathy. Leaders in these locations are expected tocontinuously gauge audience reactions during negotiations and meetings. These types of managers adjust their messaging to keep the discussion affable; direct communication is seen as unnecessarily harsh. Diplomatic leaders tend to be polite and agreeable.