際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Introduction to Zoology Lecture 2

Download as PPTX, PDF
Cecilia Hennessy
Cecilia Hennessy

I created this lecture for my Introduction to Zoology course for non-majors (university level). This lecture focuses on cellular metabolism and division.

1 of 55
Downloaded 62 times
Cellular Metabolism and Division Animals Among Us August 29th, 2013 1
Perfect Attendance!! YAY! 2
Organic Molecules Anything with carbon in it The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 3
Organic Molecules Anything with carbon in it The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 4
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Sugars, starches, cellulose Where do carbohydrates come from? 5
Carbohydrates Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide -> solar -> Carbs! 1. Monosaccharides Simple sugars 2. Disaccharides Double sugars 3. Polysaccharides Complex sugars 6
Monosaccharides Glucose/dextrose Fructose Galactose 7
Disaccharides Combined monosaccharides Maltose = 2 glucose Sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose Lactose = 1 glucose + 1 galactose 8
Polysaccharides Many molecules of simple sugars in long chains Glycogen How sugars are stored in animal tissues When needed, converted into glucose Cellulose Principal structural carbohydrate of plants 9
Organic Molecules Anything with carbon in it The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 10
Lipids Fuel storage and building material 1. Neutral Fats True fats Storage from dietary fats or carbs 2. Phospholipids Structurally important 3. Steroids Complex alcohols 11
Neutral Fats Saturated Typically animal fats Every carbon atom is bonded with two hydrogen atoms Usually solid at room temperature Unsaturated Typically plant fats (oils) 2 or more carbon atoms are joined by double bonds, not saturated with hydrogen atoms 12
Phospholipids Unlike neutral fats, these are soluble in water Some phospholipids are soluble in water on one side, and insoluble on the other side Major component of the cell membrane 13
Steroids Structurally unlike fats Other chemical properties are similar Cholesterol Hormones 14
Organic Molecules Anything with carbon in it The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 15
Amino Acids and Proteins 20 amino acids Amino acid + amino acid = protein Organized into 3 dimensional structures Often interlinked with other proteins 16
17
Organic Molecules Anything with carbon in it The Building Blocks of Life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids and Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids 18
Nucleic Acids RNA Ribonucleic Acid DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Store codes for replication 19
Miller Experiment Methane, hydrogen, ammonia, water Circulate 1 week with electric spark Solar energy, hydrothermic vents, lightning 15% into complex molecules 4 amino acids Add a couple of billion years 20
Animal ID #1 21
Scissor-Grinder Cicada Annual cicada Important food source for many bird species Lives underground in nymph stage for several years, feeding on tree roots 22
Metabolism Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + Solar Energy = Sugar + O2 First law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed Solar energy becomes stored energy in the plant 23
Cellular Respiration 1. Heterotroph eats food, food is broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream 2. Molecules enter cells 3. Molecules are turned into ATP in the cytoplasm 4. Mitochondria break bonds of ATP to provide energy for the cell 24
Metabolism ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate High-energy bonds (potential energy) ATP + Water = ADP + Energy 25
Cellular Respiration Aerobic ATP + Water + O2 = ADP + Energy + CO2 Anaerobic ATP + Water = ADP + Energy + Lactic Acid 1/18th as efficient as aerobic 26
Anaerobic is Unavoidable Difficult to get oxygen to muscles fast enough in enough quantity 27
Many Animals Require Anaerobic Diving birds and mammals use anaerobic metabolism under water 28
Metabolism of Lipids Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins can be stored as fats Stored fats contain huge amounts of potential energy 29
Animal ID #2 30
Northern True Katydid Life cycle within one year Prefers oak leaves Usually in tree canopy 31
Cellular Division Mitosis My Toes sis NOT Meiosis (forming gametes) Each new cell contains complete genetic code of parent cell For animals that reproduce asexually, this is the whole story 32
Mitosis 5 stages Interphase (MOST OF THE TIME) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase IPMAT I Poop More After Tacos 33
1. Prophase Chromatin copies itself Chromatin Chromosomes Separates and becomes dense Each chromosome is two chromatids Sister chromatids are identical Fibers in the cell arrange themselves to prepare for separation 34
35
36
2. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along center of nucleus 37
38
3. Anaphase Sister chromatids are separated Pulled towards poles of new cells 39
40
4. Telophase Fibers disappear Chromosomes relax into chromatin Nuclear membrane is formed 41
42
43
Animal ID #3 44
European Earthworm Nightcrawler, red wriggler Areas that were glaciated during the Ice Age do not have native earthworms European earthworms were transported by the colonials, probably by accident, when they transplanted their plant stocks 45
Meiosis Same basic process as mitosis, except Two cycles Four resulting cells Resulting cells have half of the DNA 46
Meiosis I Prophase I Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Chromosome line up with homologues 47
Meiosis I Metaphase I Crossing Over Genetic exchange for variation 48
Meiosis I Anaphase I Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles 49
Meiosis I NO TELOPHASE I!!! 50
Meiosis II Prophase II Spindles form 51
Meiosis II Metaphase II Chromosomes line up 52
Meiosis II Anaphase II Chromatids pulled to opposite poles 53
Meiosis II Telophase II Nuclear membranes form Chromosomes relax into chromatin Each cell contains only half of the DNA necessary for an organism 54
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCL6d0OwKt 8 55

More Related Content

Introduction to Zoology Lecture 2