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How to write
an
Academic
Paper

WHAT IS ACADEMIC
WRITING?
Academic Writing is the
process of breaking down
ideas in order to increase
one’s understanding about
a particular thing.

ACADEMIC WRITING IS AN
ARGUMENT
•The value of an organized
presentation of your “case”.
•The crucial element of strong
evidence.

Once you pick a topic, you
engage in independent
RESEARCH.
•FIND SOURCES:
• Gather several different
viewpoints to appreciate the
topic’s complexity.
• Take notes

HOW TO TAKE NOTES?
•Write in phrases, not
sentences
•Try to put information into
your own words
•Ask questions if you do not
understand something

You should consider:
• Who is your audience?
• What’s the context?
• What’s your message?
• What’s your purpose?
• What documents/ genres
are used?

FORMULATE THESIS
STATEMENT
A thesis statement is a
declarative sentence that
expands your topic which
will prove, defend or
expand on your paper.
• Debatable
• Specific
• Concise

WRITING YOUR
PAPER:
INTRODUCTION
The introduction is just
that. You introduce your
argument to your reader
and vice versa. Through
the introduction, you try
to convince the reader
why he should care about
you have to say.

Write a first draft:
This is not the final product.
Write what first comes to
mind following your thesis.
• Try to put in all the
punctuation: capitalize
beginning letters and proper
nouns.

Illegal immigration in EU
Introduction
According to a European
Commission communication ,
around 500,000 migrants enter
EU countries illegally. Most of
them come from Syria, Iraq,
Egypt and Somalia. The
following article aims to describe
the illegal immigration in Europe.
It will be focused on the reasons
why they are considered a danger
and are employed illegally, and
the ways in which the European
Law responds.

THE BODY OF YOUR
PAPER:
In the body, you present
the evidence and analysis
that will support your
thesis. This section consists
of a series of paragraphs.

A security threat for European society
In most European countries, illegal immigration is considered a threat by citizens for
several reasons. Firstly, EU states that once immigrants are on European soil, it is nearly
impossible to deport them. In many cases, their ID documents are destroyed either
intentionally or by accident. As a result, they become asylum seekers. Secondly, an
increasing number of radical Islamists jeopardise the European welfare system as a whole.
As they enter the new territory illegally, they do not comply with immigration
requirements, they must be punished by fine or jail. Ultimately, European citizens consider
them as responsible for the distortion of national identity. As far as the latter is concerned,
David Cameron , who is interviewed by the BBB, says: “When we find you, and we will
find you, we will make sure you are sent back to the country you come from”.
Illegal employment for immigrants in Europe
It is estimated that around 70% of immigrants are engaged in illegal labour. Illegal
employment can be explained for two reasons: legislation which restricts possibilities for
legal labour migration and the incentives of employers to avoid the costs of employing legal
labour. Immigrants are employed in different areas such as agriculture, building, civil
engineering, small-scale industry, hotels and catering and services to households. Thus,
employers take advantage of this problem to reduce their costs through non-payment of
social contributions, lower salaries and hiring workers willing to work more flexible hours.
It also represents a highly problematic issue for governments. On the one hand, efforts to
fight against illegal employment such as border controls, employer solutions are expensive
and difficult to enforce. On the other hand, they are seen under intense pressure to resolve
this problem mainly because they risk losing legitimacy if they do not enforce legislation.
Legal response to illegal immigration
Although there is not an effective response yet, European countries have launched
many programs in order to fight illegal immigration and illegal employment. Firstly,
Dublin Regulation is implemented to control asylum seekers and examine migrants’ asylum
applications. EU attempts to prevent and reduce irregular immigration by means of an
effective return policy, with due respect for fundamental right. Secondly, the reinforcement
of such means of control has caused the burgeoning of migrant trafficking, and has
prompted organized criminal networks to adopt increasingly sophisticated methods. Even
those immigrants, who enter legally, but overstay the permitted period of stay, rendering
border control beside the point. Finally, it is necessary to claim that although there is no
specific regulation to control this illegal immigration, there are continuing attempts to
provide a promising welfare system to Europe.

When you organize the
paragraphs of your paper,
try to follow a pattern of:
• CLAIM: a statement
supported by the evidence
such as a reference or a
quotation in context.
• IMPACT: An intelligent
of how or why that claim is
important in the context of
the paper

SECOND DRAFT: Develop any
paragraphs that do not provide much
information or argument. . Additional
research may help you.

Write the
CONCLUSION.
The conclusion is the
summary paragraph. You
remind the reader of the
paper’s thesis by
paraphrasing it.

EDIT YOUR DRAFT:
• START IN GENERAL: fix
spelling, capitalize
beginning letters.
• ELIMINATE rhetorical
questions or passive verbs
such as was, were, is, etc
and make passive sentence
active ones.

Conclusion
In presenting this article, we conclude that
illegal immigrants are not fully accepted for several
reasons. They enter a country illegally, create fear
and contribute to political and social destabilization.
As they do not have many options to improve their
quality of life they are consequently employed
illegally. Due to the massive arrival of immigrants in
Europe; governments are forced to create different
programs to control them. Even today, no successful
solution has been provided.
Put together all the
important points by way of
a summary.

WRITE YOUR FINAL
DRAFT
• Check your spelling,
punctuation, grammatical
resources, use of appropriate
linkers. Be sure that your text
is cohesive and coherent.
• Use the correct format
(MLA or APA format).
Remember add your sources
appropriately.

To sum up, this is how our paper must
be organized:

Also, there are some
things to consider in
order to write
appropriate paragraphs:

HAVE IN MIND:
• That the paragraphs
must hang together 
COHESIVE
• That the paragraphs
must make sense 
COHERENT

Your paper must be
cohesive by the use of
LEXICAL AND
GRAMMATICAL
DEVICES.

LEXICAL
DEVICES
• Repetition
• Lexical chaining
words that share similar
meaning

GRAMMATICAL
CONNECTORS
• Pronouns
• Linkers

Your paper must be
COHERENCE. (“makes
sense”)
Micro- level:
• LOGICAL RELATIONS:
- additive
- adversative
- causal
- temporal
• ORGANIZATION

COHERENCE
Macro- level:
• TOPIC:
- Key words
- Schema
- Script

Now read the following
examples:
My favourite colour is blue. Blue sports cars go very
fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and can cause
many car crashes. I had a car accident once and broke
my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in
Europe because of the injury.
This text has cohesion but is not
coherence.
My favourite colour is blue. I'm calm and
relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass and look
up
This text is coherent but not
cohesive.

Finally, remember all
these advices to
improve your
academic writing. And
REMEMBER:

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Academic writing

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