�ݺ�ߣ

Editor's Notes

• #4: In its 4.6 billion years circling the Sun, the Earth has harbored an increasing diversity of life forms: for the last 3.6 billion years, simple cells (prokaryotes); for the last 3.4 billion years, cyanobacteria performing photosynthesis; for the last 2 billion years, complex cells (eukaryotes); for the last 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes which sexually reproduce for the last 1 billion years, multicellular life; for the last 600 million years, simple animals; for the last 550 million years, bilaterians, water life forms with a front and a back; for the last 500 million years, fish and proto-amphibians; for the last 475 million years, land plants; for the last 400 million years, insects and seeds; for the last 360 million years, amphibians; for the last 300 million years, reptiles; for the last 200 million years, mammals; for the last 150 million years, birds; for the last 130 million years, flowers; for the last 60 million years, the primates, for the last 20 million years, the family Hominidae (great apes); for the last 2.5 million years, the genus Homo (including humans and their predecessors); for the last 200,000 years, anatomically modern humans.
• #6: Titan Aerospace and Google - capable of flying for five years at an altitude twice the height passenger airlines travel
• #7: Showcasing future tech and Moxie’s capabilities
• #8: Showcasing future tech and Moxie’s capabilities
• #9: Neil Harbisson is the first person on the planet to have a passport photo that shows his cyborg nature — in his UK passport, he's wearing a head-mounted device called an eyeborg. The color-blind artist says the eyeborg allows him to see color, and he wants to help other cyborgs like himself gain more rights. The result is that he sees in a way that nobody has seen before. His eyeborg attachment converts colors around him into soundwaves, which are transmitted to his inner ear via a vibration mechanism on the back of his skull. Essentially, Harbisson hears and feels colors:
• #10: Brain-to-brain communication is finally possible. It's just very clunky. Updated by Susannah Locke on September 7, 2014, 3:10 p.m. ET @susannahlocke susannah@vox.com In a recent experiment, scientists had a person send a one-word email to another person using nothing but their brains, a little extra hardware, and the internet.
 This is likely the closest that people have ever gotten to telepathy — although, admittedly, it's still not very close. The researchers, in their PLOS ONE paper, called it the "realization of the first human brain-to-brain interface." “THIS IS LIKELY THE CLOSEST PEOPLE HAVE EVER COME TO TELEPATHY ” To do this, the researchers basically used existing technology in novel ways. On the message-sending side, they took a mind-reading electroencephalograph, or EEG (which has previously been used to harness a person's thoughts to make a living mouse's tail move). On the message-receiving side, the scientists used transcranial magnetic stimulation (which has been used to, among other things, make people's memories stronger). Still, the experiment doesn't mean we're on the cusp of being able to read each other's minds. For one, the process of sending the message was extremely complicated, and not very practical. This telepathy research could end up with almost no utility — or it could be what everyone is doing in a few decades. In any case, here's how they pulled it off. How this latest "telepathy" experiment worked (Grau, C., et al. PLOS ONE 2014) The experiment involved a number of steps. Here's how they did it. 1) Create a binary code for simple words: The researchers encoded the messages "hola" and "ciao" into a binary series of "0s" and "1s." In this particular case, they used a code called a Bacon cipher as their translation guide. (Grau, C., et al. PLOS ONE 2014) 2) Hook the sender up to an EEG: The researchers then connected the sender of the message to a bunch of electrodes in order to read his/her brainwaves. The technique here is called electroencephalography (or EEG) and is frequently used in both research and medicine. This hat o' electrodes actually looks pretty darn portable. (Grau, C., et al. PLOS ONE 2014) 3) Transmit the binary code by having the sender think about their hands and feet: Next, the sender imagined moving his or her feet for 0s and hands for 1s. These are big enough differences in brainwaves that the EEG could pick up the difference. (The researchers used a bit of a cheat at this point: they gave the sender a visual cue: a circle moved on a computer screen in relation to their brainwave output. However, in the future, it's possible this could be replaced by brain-only feedback mechanisms. Or, with enough training, people might not need feedback at all.) 4) Send the message long distances over the internet: The EEG brain signals were translated into 0s and 1s and then sent via email to the receiving person. 5) Transmit flashes of light to the message-receiver from a very special magnet: The person receiving the message was hooked up to a device that used a magnet outside the head to produce electrical signals within the brain, influencing its activity. In this case, the magnet was set up to activate part of the visual cortex — and produce the perception of a flash of light. (This happened even though nothing had actually stimulated the eyes. In fact, the person was blindfolded just to make sure.) It's a pretty weird phenomenon, called a phosphene. The receiver knew that a flash meant "1" and no flash meant "0." People could then translate the 1s and 0s back into words — "hola" or "ciao." Telepathy complete! You've got brain-mail. (Grau, C., et al. PLOS ONE 2014) This is currently a very impractical form of communication The total speed of communication using this process was 2 bits per minute. That's roughly one millionth the average internet speed in the US. And that meant it took roughly 70 minutes just for one person to say "hola" or "ciao" to another. Also, not surprisingly, the experiment wasn't perfect. The error rate ranged from 1 to 15 percent, depending on the exact trial. So yes, telepathic communication already contains typos. Then again, they weren't using any autocorrect feature. At least not yet. But could it ever become useful? Sometimes it's difficult to see how something this inefficient — more than an hour of time, and two sets of crazy-weird electronic headgear, just to say one word — could ever become something useful. But it's not crazy to think that this could someday become more practical. This research was mostly a demonstration that the concept works. In the future, both the technology and the users could get better at sending messages. For example, other researchers have used a different type of brain-activity reading technology, fMRI, to guess, with some accuracy, what shapes people are looking at or what type of object they were dreamingof — a building, a car, a book, et cetera. Another study used electrodes implanted within the skull to get one rat to tell another rat what lever to press for a reward. These both required far more involved and less practical technology. But these types of brain-interfacing tech have been getting more sensitive, smaller, smarter, and more portable over time. And they'll probably continue to do so, whether you think telepathy is a good idea or not.There will, of course, be limits to what these devices could do, but we really have no idea what they are yet. Additionally, people could meet the technology halfway — learning how to control their thought output better and how to interpret artificial electromagnetic inputs. The mind can be an astonishingly flexible tool. In the future, people might not have to translate their words into binary in order to get them across. Maybe they could picture what the letters look like, or imagine what the words sound like when spoken aloud. Or they could even send out non-verbal thoughts. Nothing's for certain. This technique for communicating might never become useful. Or one day we might find it more handy than email or texting. For now, this is just a very early step. Further reading: It's worth noting that there's a dispute over who actually conducted the first demonstration of human brain-to-brain communication. A different group had already performed a study similar to this one, but it wasn't published in a journal. Emily Waltz over at IEEE Spectrum went into the controversy, if you'd like to know more.
• #11: Mind-controlled prosthetic arm from Segway inventor gets FDA approval
• #12: Russian chatter bot Eugene Goostman. The bot, during a series of five minute-long text conversations, convinced 33% of the contest's judges that it was human.
• #13: Russian chatter bot Eugene Goostman. The bot, during a series of five minute-long text conversations, convinced 33% of the contest's judges that it was human.
• #14: All of this technological advancement also means that the average lifespan goes up dramatically.
• #15: Some of the lifespan advancement will be from helping us to not die in workplace accidents.
• #19: Wearables take many forms
• #20: Fitbit, 50% of 2.7 million wearable bands that shipped in 1Q2014. Measures steps, calories burned, sleep patterns - data
• #22: HealthKit – Mayo, Stanford – infrared & visible light,
• #23: Alerts the caregiver.
• #30: MakerBot Replicator 2
• #34: Barilla launches 3D printed pasta contest; printed meat substitutes; meals for elderly - dysphagia
• #37: Iron Man Hand – 3 yo boy born without fingers
• #38: Robohand – South Africa, woodworker lost 4 fingers, created a working replacement. Replicated for a 5 y/o boy
• #41: 3D printed heart used to examine a scanned model of a child’s heart pre-surgery
• #42: Biofabrication using biological ink (cells, stem cells, DNA)
• #43: The bionic ear could receive signals across a frequency spectrum of 1 MHz to 5 GHz, far beyond the human range of 20 Hz to 20 KHz. Used 3D hydrogel, cells plus electronic components (polymer and silver nanoparticles). The cells matured into cartilage and hardened around a coil antenna.
• #44: Contact lens liver
• #45: Scientists are now able to print capillaries
• #47: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #48: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #49: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #50: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #51: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #52: Iron Man Hand – 3 y/o boy born without fingers
• #55: Digital payments have (finally) became easier than cash or cards…
• #56: The online and on the go is just as frictionless
• #58: The must have hardware for personal health and Apple Pay? Estimates of 50 million Apple Watches to be sold in 2015. http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20140917PD208.html
• #59: Clothing https://www.asap54.com/ Everything: http://slyce.it/ (just bought Pounce) will it now be bought by Apple? And more: Target: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/target-introduces-image-recognition-shopping-app/ Macy’s:
• #60: Video: “Commercial - Slyce of Life 320p”
• #61: Video: “Commercial - Slyce of Life 320p”