ROLE OF ACETYCHOLINE AND SYNTHESIS
Download as PPT, PDF2 likes650 views
This document summarizes key aspects of acetylcholine (ACh) signaling at the neuromuscular junction. It discusses how ACh is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and degraded by acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate. It describes the composition of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as having alpha, beta, gamma, delta or epsilon subunits. Common disorders that affect ACh signaling like myasthenia gravis and inherited disorders are also mentioned. The document poses review questions about ACh synthesis, degradation, the acetylcholine receptor, and associated disorders.
1 of 7
Download to read offline
Recommended
AOCPMR poster final
AOCPMR poster finalAaron Hanyu-Deutmeyer
油
This document describes a study examining the effects of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) after spinal cord injury in rats. Specifically, it assessed whether treatment with captopril (an ACE inhibitor) or losartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) affected the inflammatory response by analyzing immune cell infiltration. The study found that RAS inhibition did not significantly affect macrophage or astrocyte levels but had divergent effects on T-cell response, with captopril enhancing and losartan decreasing T-cell influx at the injury site. The results suggest RAS modulation may modify inflammatory processes after spinal cord injury but further analysis is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential.IAN 2015 CR poster
IAN 2015 CR posterChockalingam Ramanathan
油
The study investigated the effects of estrogen treatment on metabolic enzyme activities in the brains of ovariectomized female rats. Rats were implanted with low or high dose estrogen pellets and enzyme activities were examined in different brain areas. The decline in enzyme activities caused by ovariectomy was reversed by estrogen treatment, which upregulated enzymes of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. This suggests estrogen promotes cellular metabolism and these beneficial effects may provide treatment strategies for age-related neurological disorders in females.FOS ALS '13 Poster (final)
FOS ALS '13 Poster (final)Jonathan Foster-Moore
油
This study examined the effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) on disease progression in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The mice expressed a mutation in the SOD1 gene associated with familial ALS. Following disease onset, mice were given injections of either saline (control) or CeO2 NPs. Mice treated with CeO2 NPs showed improved motor performance and increased survival time, particularly female mice. The results suggest CeO2 NPs may be a potential treatment for slowing progression of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress.ASN Neuro-2016-Nikolakopoulou-
ASN Neuro-2016-Nikolakopoulou-Mariangela Nikolakopoulou
油
1) The study found that traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused a transient upregulation of the protein ephrin-B1 in astrocytes in the hippocampus. This upregulation coincided with a decline in glutamatergic synapses in the CA1 region at 3 days post-injury.
2) Ablating ephrin-B1 specifically from astrocytes accelerated the recovery of glutamatergic synapses after TBI, suggesting ephrin-B1 plays a role in injury-induced synapse remodeling.
3) The study provides evidence that astrocytic ephrin-B1 may act through activating STAT3 signaling in astrocytes, as ephrin-B1 activation in culturedSclerostin edit 2
Sclerostin edit 2Irsalanasif
油
Sclerostin and other cytokine functions in bone.How sclerostin can initiate bone resorption in the body and the mechanisms by which it can do this.AMGEN Countermeasures for Bone and Muscle Loss in Space and on Earth
AMGEN Countermeasures for Bone and Muscle Loss in Space and on EarthAmerican Astronautical Society
油
Louis Stodieck, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado at Boulder: "AMGEN Countermeasures for Bone and Muscle Loss in Space and on Earth." Presented at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference, http://www.astronautical.org/issrdc/2013.Congenital myasthenic syndrome
Congenital myasthenic syndromePrashant Makhija
油
This document discusses congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS), which are rare genetic disorders characterized by compromised neuromuscular transmission. CMS are classified based on the location of the primary defect within the neuromuscular junction, including presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic defects. The majority of cases involve postsynaptic defects. Over 20 genes have been identified that can cause CMS. Clinical features typically include fatigable weakness since infancy and decremental responses on electrodiagnostic testing. Treatment involves cholinesterase inhibitors and other medications depending on the specific CMS subtype. Differential diagnosis includes other neuromuscular disorders presenting in infancy. Definitive diagnosis may require genetic and other specialized testing.4 Real Role
4 Real RoleAlfonso Enrique Islas Rodr鱈guez
油
This document discusses the multifunctional roles of antimicrobial polypeptides in innate immunity. While initially studied for their antibacterial properties, these polypeptides are now recognized to have diverse inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. For example, the cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18 induces angiogenesis in addition to its antimicrobial activity. The discovery of additional functions raises new questions about using these polypeptides therapeutically given their potential effects on multiple biological pathways. Defining their precise roles in vivo remains an ongoing challenge due to the complex interplay of factors in natural infections.Ascb Comp
Ascb CompJoseph N. Amritha De Croos
油
1) The document summarizes a study examining the regulation of MT1-MMP in mechanically stimulated bioengineered articular cartilage.
2) The study found that mechanical stimulation upregulates the transcription factor Egr-1, which binds to the MT1-MMP promoter and increases MT1-MMP expression.
3) Blocking Egr-1 binding or MT1-MMP expression prevented mechanical stimulation from increasing extracellular matrix production.Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravisankit khandelwal
油
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing.Schematic diagram of transmission of acupuncture signals
Schematic diagram of transmission of acupuncture signalsEdgar Quintero
油
Acupuncture signals are transmitted from the skin to the central nervous system. A schematic diagram shows the pathway of acupuncture signals from the site of needle insertion through the skin, muscles and nerves to the spinal cord and brain. The diagram provides a visual representation of the transmission of signals generated by acupuncture needling from the peripheral to central nervous system.S ugammadex messina
S ugammadex messinaClaudio Melloni
油
- Gamma cyclodextrin is a torus-shaped molecule with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic interior that can encapsulate guest molecules. Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin that can encapsulate the neuromuscular blocking drug rocuronium.
- By adding sugar side chains and ethyl carboxyl groups to gamma cyclodextrin, sugammadex was engineered to have a larger lipophilic cavity able to accommodate the rocuronium molecule and hold it electrostatically.
- Studies show sugammadex rapidly reverses moderate and deep neuromuscular blockade from rocuronium, with recovery times within minutes compared to hours with spontaneous recovery.Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
油
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility. Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome
Congenital Myasthenic SyndromeHunterjumper102
油
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is a group of conditions characterized by muscle weakness that worsens with physical activity. CMS can be inherited in an autosomal recessive or dominant pattern, and it usually begins in early childhood, affecting facial muscles, muscles for chewing and swallowing, and sometimes breathing muscles. Mutations in the CHRNE, RAPSN, CHAT, COLQ, and DOK7 genes cause CMS by disrupting proteins involved in the neuromuscular junction. Therapy, electromyography, and 3,4-diaminopyridine medication are used to control CMS symptoms.Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravisShreyaNair37
油
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease where auto-antibodies block acetylcholine receptors in muscle, causing weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. Diagnosis involves physical exams, tests like edrophonium tests, and imaging. Treatments include medications like cholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppressants, thymectomy, IVIG, and lifestyle changes. Major hospitals treating the condition include Medanta in India and Jefferson University Hospitals in the US.Seminar-Spring 2010-Role of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Seminar-Spring 2010-Role of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesisNisha Rizvi
油
1. Wnt ligands are involved in pre- and postsynaptic protein clustering and assembly at synapses and form functional new synapses.
2. Activation of Wnt signaling protects against A硫 toxicity in Alzheimer's disease by increasing neuronal survival, decreasing apoptosis, and stabilizing 硫-catenin levels. Inhibition of Wnt signaling can cause neuronal damage.
3. Wnt signaling interacts and forms a crosstalk with other pathways important in Alzheimer's like M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation and PPAR粒 activation, which may provide neuroprotective effects against A硫 toxicity.Inestrosa idn 2011
Inestrosa idn 2011Jorge Parodi
油
Tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706), a derivative of the active molecule hyperforin in St. John's Wort, was examined for its ability to prevent cognitive deficits and synaptic impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Five-month old APPswe/PSEN1DE9 mice were treated with IDN5706 for 10 weeks. IDN5706 improved memory, prevented decreases in synaptic proteins and LTP, and reduced amyloid-beta plaque burden, tau hyperphosphorylation, and astrogliosis. In cell cultures, IDN5706 decreased amyloid precursor protein processing leading to amyloid-beta peptide generation. The results suggest IDN5706 may be a potential therapeutic for treating Alzheimer'sInestrosa idn 2011
Inestrosa idn 2011Jorge Parodi
油
Tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706), a derivative of the active molecule hyperforin in St. John's Wort, was examined for its ability to prevent cognitive deficits and synaptic impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Five-month old APPswe/PSEN1DE9 mice were treated with IDN5706 for 10 weeks. IDN5706 improved memory, prevented decreases in synaptic proteins and LTP, and reduced amyloid-beta plaque burden, tau hyperphosphorylation, and astrogliosis. In cell cultures, IDN5706 decreased amyloid precursor protein processing leading to amyloid-beta peptide generation. The results suggest IDN5706 may be a potential therapeutic for treating Alzheimer'sWhat they didn't tell you about Anaphylaxis
What they didn't tell you about AnaphylaxisRommie Duckworth
油
Whats the difference between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid, and should I care? Can a patient have a life-threatening reaction on a first exposure? What are the most important ALS medications for anaphylaxis after epinephrine? How bad is it to give epinephrine for a panic attack? What the heck is Kounis syndrome? Why didn't they teach me this in class? The past ten years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of cases of anaphylaxis across the United States. In response, the American College of Emergency Physicians and the World Allergy Organization have issued im-portant updates on initial emergency treatment for patients suffering from anaphylaxis. While epi-nephrine remains the front-line drug for all levels of care, recent studies show that in-hospital and pre-hospital providers alike arent giving it as often or as early as they should. This interactive case-study and pub-quiz style presentation answers these questions and many more with a focus on a rapid differential of anaphylaxis and effective initial and secondary treatments to manage these immediately life-threatening emergencies.Radiological pathology of Hereditary ataxias
Radiological pathology of Hereditary ataxiasProfessor Yasser Metwally
油
This document discusses hereditary metabolic disorders that affect the nervous system. It begins by introducing ataxia as a neurological sign and describing the various systems it can involve. It then categorizes inherited ataxias based on their genetic and biochemical characteristics. Specifically, it discusses acute intermittent ataxias, ataxias with polymyoclonus and seizures, ataxias with spinocerebellar dysfunction, and progressive ataxias with additional neurological signs. As examples, it provides details on Maple Syrup Urine Disease and its intermittent presentation involving ataxia, neurological symptoms, and distinctive biochemical abnormalities.ACETYLCHOLINE.ppt
ACETYLCHOLINE.pptsalman91742
油
The document discusses several topics related to the nervous system:
1) Acetylcholine synthesis and degradation, acetylcholine receptors, and myasthenia gravis which is an autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.
2) Organophosphate poisoning which inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to excess acetylcholine and symptoms. Atropine and pralidoxime are used as antidotes.
3) Catecholamines including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine - their synthesis, functions, and degradation.
4) Parkinson's disease characterized by tremor and rigidity due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.Percura, Improve Pain and Numbness Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy
Percura, Improve Pain and Numbness Associated with Peripheral NeuropathyTargeted Medical Pharma
油
Percura capsules by oral administration. A specially formulated Medical Food product, consisting of a proprietary blend of amino acids in specific proportions, for the dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with pain, inflammation and loss of sensation due to peripheral neuropathy. Must be administered under physician supervision.
Percura is a proprietary formulation of amino acids and other dietary factors to support induction, maintenance, and enhancement of the specific neurotransmitter activity involved in the physiology of neuropathic pain. The formulation consists of nonessential and essential amino acids L-Arginine HCL, L-Histidine HCL, L-Glutamine, L-Serine, L-Lysine, L-Ornithine, Acetyl L-Carnitine, L-Tyrosine, the nonstandard amino acid Gamma Aminobutyric Acid, Choline Bitartrate, Glucose, Inositol, Griffonia Extract griffonia simplicifolia (95% 5-HTP) , and Creatine. These ingredients fall into the classification of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act). A GRAS substance is distinguished from a food additive on the basis of the common knowledge about the safety of the substance for its intended use. The standard for an ingredient to achieve GRAS status requires not only technical demonstration of non-toxicity and safety, but also general recognition of safety through widespread usage and agreement of that safety by experts in the field. Many ingredients have been determined by the FDA to be GRAS, and are listed as such by regulation, in Volume 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Sections 182, 184, and 186.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol-2012-Evanson-R651-7
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol-2012-Evanson-R651-7Enoch Samraj, PT DPT CSCS
油
This study examined the effects of long-term estradiol supplementation on neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance vessels. First-order arterioles from the red gastrocnemius muscle of ovariectomized female rats with or without estradiol supplementation were studied. The results showed that NPY induced moderate vasoconstriction, and its enzymatic breakdown by dipeptidyl peptidase IV was active in these vessels. However, long-term estradiol supplementation did not influence NPY-mediated vasoconstriction, NPY overflow following stimulation, or its degradation, suggesting estradiol does not directly modulate NPY neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance arterioISAACS Syndrome.pptx
ISAACS Syndrome.pptxAde Wijaya
油
Isaac's syndrome is a rare acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. The main clinical manifestation is spontaneous continuous skeletal muscle overactivity presenting as twitching and painful cramps, often associated with stiffness, pseudomyotonia, pseudotetany and weakness. It is caused by anti-voltage gated potassium channel complex antibodies binding to LGI1 and CASPR2 proteins. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, detecting these antibodies, and electromyography showing abnormal nerve activity. The condition is sometimes associated with other autoimmune diseases or paraneoplastic syndromes. Treatment focuses on immunotherapy like steroids and plasmapheresis, along with symptomatic relief of muscle overactivity.Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...
Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
油
1) The document proposes a new interdisciplinary field called Endogenous Archeology that analyzes scientific literature related to human evolution to better understand physiological processes from an archeological perspective.
2) Key areas that could be studied include the amygdala and its role in behavior, mindset kinetics and depression, brain signal modulation, and hibernation physiology.
3) Evidence from studies on brain and cognitive evolution in humans and other species supports analyzing evolutionary processes through an endogenous archeological approach combining evidence from multiple disciplines.Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...
Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...Mahmoud Lotfy Soliman
油
1. Caffeine prevents the internalization of LDL cholesterol in neurons by blocking adenosine A3 receptors (A3Rs). Caffeine decreased neuronal internalization of DiI-labeled LDL cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner.
2. Blocking A3Rs with a specific antagonist or knocking down A3Rs with siRNA mimicked caffeine's effects in decreasing LDL cholesterol internalization, while activating A3Rs increased internalization.
3. By blocking A3R-mediated internalization of LDL cholesterol, caffeine decreases amyloid beta (A硫) generation from amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is increased by LDL cholesterol internalization through enhanced amyloidogenic processing of APP in endosomes.Shawn dissertation NRSF
Shawn dissertation NRSFmidknightr
油
NRSF regulates hcn1 after an insult that leads to epilepsy through its physical binding to the gene. Enduring repression of hcn1 expression by NRSF involves epigenetic changes of the chromatin of the gene. Blocking NRSF function after an insult that provokes epilepsy markedly attenuates the development of epilepsy. The prevention of epilepsy is a result of rescuing ~30 genes, (in addition to hcn1) whose repression contribute to epilepsy.Approach to a case of ataxia
Approach to a case of ataxiaSATYA PRASAD Mahapatra
油
This document discusses different types of ataxia, including their causes and clinical features. It begins by defining ataxia as a lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements. It then covers various forms of ataxia such as cerebellar ataxia (the most common type), sensory ataxia affecting proprioception, cortical ataxia involving the frontal lobe, and thalamic ataxia. The document also discusses the classification of cerebellar ataxias into hereditary forms like autosomal dominant and recessive types, as well as the clinical assessment and diagnostic approach for ataxia.Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease
Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's DiseaseSaran A K
油
Explore the critical aspects of autonomic dysfunction in two key neurodegenerative disorders: Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). This presentation provides an in-depth overview of:
The pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying autonomic dysfunction in MSA and PD.
Key clinical symptoms like orthostatic hypotension, bladder dysfunction, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Diagnostic tools and differential diagnosis to distinguish between MSA and PD-related autonomic issues.
Current management strategies and treatment options to improve patient outcomes.Dr Ayman Ewies - Effect of Mechanical Stretch & Levormeloxifene on Gene Expre...
Dr Ayman Ewies - Effect of Mechanical Stretch & Levormeloxifene on Gene Expre...AymanEwies
油
1. The study examined the effects of mechanical stretch and the drug levormeloxifene on gene expression and actin morphology in fibroblasts from the cardinal ligament, which provides support to pelvic organs.
2. Mechanical stretch and levormeloxifene disrupted the actin cytoskeleton and abnormal actin configuration in fibroblasts, interfering with their integrity and attachment to the extracellular matrix.
3. This suggests that mechanical stretch from increased intra-abdominal pressure and drugs like levormeloxifene may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse by damaging fibroblasts in the cardinal ligament.More Related Content
What's hot (7)
Ascb Comp
Ascb CompJoseph N. Amritha De Croos
油
1) The document summarizes a study examining the regulation of MT1-MMP in mechanically stimulated bioengineered articular cartilage.
2) The study found that mechanical stimulation upregulates the transcription factor Egr-1, which binds to the MT1-MMP promoter and increases MT1-MMP expression.
3) Blocking Egr-1 binding or MT1-MMP expression prevented mechanical stimulation from increasing extracellular matrix production.Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravisankit khandelwal
油
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing.Schematic diagram of transmission of acupuncture signals
Schematic diagram of transmission of acupuncture signalsEdgar Quintero
油
Acupuncture signals are transmitted from the skin to the central nervous system. A schematic diagram shows the pathway of acupuncture signals from the site of needle insertion through the skin, muscles and nerves to the spinal cord and brain. The diagram provides a visual representation of the transmission of signals generated by acupuncture needling from the peripheral to central nervous system.S ugammadex messina
S ugammadex messinaClaudio Melloni
油
- Gamma cyclodextrin is a torus-shaped molecule with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic interior that can encapsulate guest molecules. Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin that can encapsulate the neuromuscular blocking drug rocuronium.
- By adding sugar side chains and ethyl carboxyl groups to gamma cyclodextrin, sugammadex was engineered to have a larger lipophilic cavity able to accommodate the rocuronium molecule and hold it electrostatically.
- Studies show sugammadex rapidly reverses moderate and deep neuromuscular blockade from rocuronium, with recovery times within minutes compared to hours with spontaneous recovery.Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
油
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility. Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome
Congenital Myasthenic SyndromeHunterjumper102
油
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is a group of conditions characterized by muscle weakness that worsens with physical activity. CMS can be inherited in an autosomal recessive or dominant pattern, and it usually begins in early childhood, affecting facial muscles, muscles for chewing and swallowing, and sometimes breathing muscles. Mutations in the CHRNE, RAPSN, CHAT, COLQ, and DOK7 genes cause CMS by disrupting proteins involved in the neuromuscular junction. Therapy, electromyography, and 3,4-diaminopyridine medication are used to control CMS symptoms.Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravisShreyaNair37
油
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease where auto-antibodies block acetylcholine receptors in muscle, causing weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. Diagnosis involves physical exams, tests like edrophonium tests, and imaging. Treatments include medications like cholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppressants, thymectomy, IVIG, and lifestyle changes. Major hospitals treating the condition include Medanta in India and Jefferson University Hospitals in the US.Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
油
Similar to ROLE OF ACETYCHOLINE AND SYNTHESIS (20)
Seminar-Spring 2010-Role of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Seminar-Spring 2010-Role of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesisNisha Rizvi
油
1. Wnt ligands are involved in pre- and postsynaptic protein clustering and assembly at synapses and form functional new synapses.
2. Activation of Wnt signaling protects against A硫 toxicity in Alzheimer's disease by increasing neuronal survival, decreasing apoptosis, and stabilizing 硫-catenin levels. Inhibition of Wnt signaling can cause neuronal damage.
3. Wnt signaling interacts and forms a crosstalk with other pathways important in Alzheimer's like M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation and PPAR粒 activation, which may provide neuroprotective effects against A硫 toxicity.Inestrosa idn 2011
Inestrosa idn 2011Jorge Parodi
油
Tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706), a derivative of the active molecule hyperforin in St. John's Wort, was examined for its ability to prevent cognitive deficits and synaptic impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Five-month old APPswe/PSEN1DE9 mice were treated with IDN5706 for 10 weeks. IDN5706 improved memory, prevented decreases in synaptic proteins and LTP, and reduced amyloid-beta plaque burden, tau hyperphosphorylation, and astrogliosis. In cell cultures, IDN5706 decreased amyloid precursor protein processing leading to amyloid-beta peptide generation. The results suggest IDN5706 may be a potential therapeutic for treating Alzheimer'sInestrosa idn 2011
Inestrosa idn 2011Jorge Parodi
油
Tetrahydrohyperforin (IDN5706), a derivative of the active molecule hyperforin in St. John's Wort, was examined for its ability to prevent cognitive deficits and synaptic impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Five-month old APPswe/PSEN1DE9 mice were treated with IDN5706 for 10 weeks. IDN5706 improved memory, prevented decreases in synaptic proteins and LTP, and reduced amyloid-beta plaque burden, tau hyperphosphorylation, and astrogliosis. In cell cultures, IDN5706 decreased amyloid precursor protein processing leading to amyloid-beta peptide generation. The results suggest IDN5706 may be a potential therapeutic for treating Alzheimer'sWhat they didn't tell you about Anaphylaxis
What they didn't tell you about AnaphylaxisRommie Duckworth
油
Whats the difference between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid, and should I care? Can a patient have a life-threatening reaction on a first exposure? What are the most important ALS medications for anaphylaxis after epinephrine? How bad is it to give epinephrine for a panic attack? What the heck is Kounis syndrome? Why didn't they teach me this in class? The past ten years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of cases of anaphylaxis across the United States. In response, the American College of Emergency Physicians and the World Allergy Organization have issued im-portant updates on initial emergency treatment for patients suffering from anaphylaxis. While epi-nephrine remains the front-line drug for all levels of care, recent studies show that in-hospital and pre-hospital providers alike arent giving it as often or as early as they should. This interactive case-study and pub-quiz style presentation answers these questions and many more with a focus on a rapid differential of anaphylaxis and effective initial and secondary treatments to manage these immediately life-threatening emergencies.Radiological pathology of Hereditary ataxias
Radiological pathology of Hereditary ataxiasProfessor Yasser Metwally
油
This document discusses hereditary metabolic disorders that affect the nervous system. It begins by introducing ataxia as a neurological sign and describing the various systems it can involve. It then categorizes inherited ataxias based on their genetic and biochemical characteristics. Specifically, it discusses acute intermittent ataxias, ataxias with polymyoclonus and seizures, ataxias with spinocerebellar dysfunction, and progressive ataxias with additional neurological signs. As examples, it provides details on Maple Syrup Urine Disease and its intermittent presentation involving ataxia, neurological symptoms, and distinctive biochemical abnormalities.ACETYLCHOLINE.ppt
ACETYLCHOLINE.pptsalman91742
油
The document discusses several topics related to the nervous system:
1) Acetylcholine synthesis and degradation, acetylcholine receptors, and myasthenia gravis which is an autoimmune disease affecting acetylcholine receptors.
2) Organophosphate poisoning which inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to excess acetylcholine and symptoms. Atropine and pralidoxime are used as antidotes.
3) Catecholamines including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine - their synthesis, functions, and degradation.
4) Parkinson's disease characterized by tremor and rigidity due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.Percura, Improve Pain and Numbness Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy
Percura, Improve Pain and Numbness Associated with Peripheral NeuropathyTargeted Medical Pharma
油
Percura capsules by oral administration. A specially formulated Medical Food product, consisting of a proprietary blend of amino acids in specific proportions, for the dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with pain, inflammation and loss of sensation due to peripheral neuropathy. Must be administered under physician supervision.
Percura is a proprietary formulation of amino acids and other dietary factors to support induction, maintenance, and enhancement of the specific neurotransmitter activity involved in the physiology of neuropathic pain. The formulation consists of nonessential and essential amino acids L-Arginine HCL, L-Histidine HCL, L-Glutamine, L-Serine, L-Lysine, L-Ornithine, Acetyl L-Carnitine, L-Tyrosine, the nonstandard amino acid Gamma Aminobutyric Acid, Choline Bitartrate, Glucose, Inositol, Griffonia Extract griffonia simplicifolia (95% 5-HTP) , and Creatine. These ingredients fall into the classification of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act). A GRAS substance is distinguished from a food additive on the basis of the common knowledge about the safety of the substance for its intended use. The standard for an ingredient to achieve GRAS status requires not only technical demonstration of non-toxicity and safety, but also general recognition of safety through widespread usage and agreement of that safety by experts in the field. Many ingredients have been determined by the FDA to be GRAS, and are listed as such by regulation, in Volume 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Sections 182, 184, and 186.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol-2012-Evanson-R651-7
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol-2012-Evanson-R651-7Enoch Samraj, PT DPT CSCS
油
This study examined the effects of long-term estradiol supplementation on neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance vessels. First-order arterioles from the red gastrocnemius muscle of ovariectomized female rats with or without estradiol supplementation were studied. The results showed that NPY induced moderate vasoconstriction, and its enzymatic breakdown by dipeptidyl peptidase IV was active in these vessels. However, long-term estradiol supplementation did not influence NPY-mediated vasoconstriction, NPY overflow following stimulation, or its degradation, suggesting estradiol does not directly modulate NPY neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance arterioISAACS Syndrome.pptx
ISAACS Syndrome.pptxAde Wijaya
油
Isaac's syndrome is a rare acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. The main clinical manifestation is spontaneous continuous skeletal muscle overactivity presenting as twitching and painful cramps, often associated with stiffness, pseudomyotonia, pseudotetany and weakness. It is caused by anti-voltage gated potassium channel complex antibodies binding to LGI1 and CASPR2 proteins. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, detecting these antibodies, and electromyography showing abnormal nerve activity. The condition is sometimes associated with other autoimmune diseases or paraneoplastic syndromes. Treatment focuses on immunotherapy like steroids and plasmapheresis, along with symptomatic relief of muscle overactivity.Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...
Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
油
1) The document proposes a new interdisciplinary field called Endogenous Archeology that analyzes scientific literature related to human evolution to better understand physiological processes from an archeological perspective.
2) Key areas that could be studied include the amygdala and its role in behavior, mindset kinetics and depression, brain signal modulation, and hibernation physiology.
3) Evidence from studies on brain and cognitive evolution in humans and other species supports analyzing evolutionary processes through an endogenous archeological approach combining evidence from multiple disciplines.Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...
Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...Mahmoud Lotfy Soliman
油
1. Caffeine prevents the internalization of LDL cholesterol in neurons by blocking adenosine A3 receptors (A3Rs). Caffeine decreased neuronal internalization of DiI-labeled LDL cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner.
2. Blocking A3Rs with a specific antagonist or knocking down A3Rs with siRNA mimicked caffeine's effects in decreasing LDL cholesterol internalization, while activating A3Rs increased internalization.
3. By blocking A3R-mediated internalization of LDL cholesterol, caffeine decreases amyloid beta (A硫) generation from amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is increased by LDL cholesterol internalization through enhanced amyloidogenic processing of APP in endosomes.Shawn dissertation NRSF
Shawn dissertation NRSFmidknightr
油
NRSF regulates hcn1 after an insult that leads to epilepsy through its physical binding to the gene. Enduring repression of hcn1 expression by NRSF involves epigenetic changes of the chromatin of the gene. Blocking NRSF function after an insult that provokes epilepsy markedly attenuates the development of epilepsy. The prevention of epilepsy is a result of rescuing ~30 genes, (in addition to hcn1) whose repression contribute to epilepsy.Approach to a case of ataxia
Approach to a case of ataxiaSATYA PRASAD Mahapatra
油
This document discusses different types of ataxia, including their causes and clinical features. It begins by defining ataxia as a lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements. It then covers various forms of ataxia such as cerebellar ataxia (the most common type), sensory ataxia affecting proprioception, cortical ataxia involving the frontal lobe, and thalamic ataxia. The document also discusses the classification of cerebellar ataxias into hereditary forms like autosomal dominant and recessive types, as well as the clinical assessment and diagnostic approach for ataxia.Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's Disease
Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson's DiseaseSaran A K
油
Explore the critical aspects of autonomic dysfunction in two key neurodegenerative disorders: Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). This presentation provides an in-depth overview of:
The pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying autonomic dysfunction in MSA and PD.
Key clinical symptoms like orthostatic hypotension, bladder dysfunction, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Diagnostic tools and differential diagnosis to distinguish between MSA and PD-related autonomic issues.
Current management strategies and treatment options to improve patient outcomes.Dr Ayman Ewies - Effect of Mechanical Stretch & Levormeloxifene on Gene Expre...
Dr Ayman Ewies - Effect of Mechanical Stretch & Levormeloxifene on Gene Expre...AymanEwies
油
1. The study examined the effects of mechanical stretch and the drug levormeloxifene on gene expression and actin morphology in fibroblasts from the cardinal ligament, which provides support to pelvic organs.
2. Mechanical stretch and levormeloxifene disrupted the actin cytoskeleton and abnormal actin configuration in fibroblasts, interfering with their integrity and attachment to the extracellular matrix.
3. This suggests that mechanical stretch from increased intra-abdominal pressure and drugs like levormeloxifene may contribute to pelvic organ prolapse by damaging fibroblasts in the cardinal ligament.Neuroprotection mediates through oestrogen receptor alpha in astrocytes
Neuroprotection mediates through oestrogen receptor alpha in astrocytesNicole Salgado Cortes
油
ER-留 expression is necessary in astrocytes, but not in neurons, for neuroprotection in an EAE model:
1) ER-留 expression in astrocytes is required for clinical disease protection, while neuronal ER-留 is not.
2) Astrocyte ER-留 prevents macrophage and T-cell inflammation in the central nervous system.
3) Astrocyte ER-留 attenuates axonal loss and gliosis, but neuronal ER-留 does not.Cerebral palsy management
Cerebral palsy managementmukesh kumar
油
This document provides guidelines for investigating and managing cerebral palsy. It discusses various radiological investigations including MRI and CT scans to evaluate brain damage and identify risks. It also discusses potential helpful laboratory tests to rule out other causes, though there are no definitive lab tests for cerebral palsy. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physicians, therapists, and other specialists. Management seeks to improve functions, prevent deformities through stretching and positioning, and may include oral medications, intrathecal baclofen, botulinum toxin injections, orthopedic surgery, or selective dorsal rhizotomy. The overall goal is maximum physical, social and vocational independence through rehabilitation.jbc1998
jbc1998Christian Schmidt
油
This document summarizes a study that investigated how mechanical stressing of integrin receptors affects tyrosine phosphorylation in osteoblastic cells. The key findings were:
1) Mechanical stressing of both the 硫1 and 留2 integrin subunits induced enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins compared to integrin clustering alone.
2) Applying cyclic forces at 1 Hz was more effective at inducing tyrosine phosphorylation than continuous stress.
3) Mechanically stressed cells showed tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins becoming anchored to the cytoskeleton in a calcium-dependent manner.
4) Mechanical stressing of integrins also increased phosphorylation of MAP kinases, suggesting it can induce downstream signaling events.Optimizing Medical Nutrition Therapy in sarcopenia of Elderly patients 
Optimizing Medical Nutrition Therapy in sarcopenia of Elderly patients Chomarhlaing
油
The document discusses optimizing medical nutrition therapy for sarcopenia in elderly patients. It defines sarcopenia as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases with age, affecting 5-13% of 60-70 year olds and 11-50% of those over 80. Consequences of sarcopenia include physical impairment, falls, disability and mortality. Screening tools like SARC-F can help diagnose sarcopenia based on measures of muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Management involves exercise programs and medical nutrition therapy, with a focus on adequate protein intake, particularly high-quality proteins containing amino acids like leucine, arginine and glutamine.Temporal-Spatial Expressions of Spy1 in Rat Sciatic Nerve After Crush
Temporal-Spatial Expressions of Spy1 in Rat Sciatic Nerve After CrushJiao Yang
油
1. The study examined the expression of the cell cycle protein Spy1 in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model over time.
2. Spy1 expression was found to gradually increase after injury, peaking at day 3, due to increased expression in both axons and Schwann cells.
3. Spy1 expression correlated with Schwann cell proliferation after injury and Spy1 was found to localize in axons in the injured segment but did not co-localize with the growth protein GAP43.Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...
Book endogenous archeological sciences modern global aspects for a new discip...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
油
Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...
Caffeine, Through Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Actions, Suppresses Amyloid-...Mahmoud Lotfy Soliman
油
Recently uploaded (20)
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide well discuss on the effective product variant management in Odoo 18. Odoo concentrates on managing product variations and offers a distinct area for doing so. Product variants provide unique characteristics like size and color to single products, which can be managed at the product template level for all attributes and variants or at the variant level for individual variants.
The Constitution, Government and Law making bodies .
The Constitution, Government and Law making bodies .saanidhyapatel09
油
This PowerPoint presentation provides an insightful overview of the Constitution, covering its key principles, features, and significance. It explains the fundamental rights, duties, structure of government, and the importance of constitutional law in governance. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in understanding the foundation of a nations legal framework.
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
ASP.NET Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatN.C. DPI's 2023 Language Diversity Briefing
N.C. DPI's 2023 Language Diversity BriefingMebane Rash
油
The number of languages spoken in NC public schools.
How to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 Sales
How to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 SalesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to configure proforma invoice in Odoo 18 Sales module. A proforma invoice is a preliminary invoice that serves as a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer.
How to Configure Proforma Invoice in Odoo 18 Sales
How to Configure Proforma Invoice in Odoo 18 SalesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to configure proforma invoice in Odoo 18 Sales module. A proforma invoice is a preliminary invoice that serves as a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer.
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By Scholarhat
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By ScholarhatScholarhat
油
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By Scholarhat
Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok Sonawala
Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok SonawalaAssociation for Project Management
油
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAH
BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAHcoacharyasetiyaki
油
BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAH
Rest API Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Rest API Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Rest API Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatManaging expiration dates of products in odoo
Managing expiration dates of products in odooCeline George
油
Odoo allows users to set expiration dates at both the product and batch levels, providing flexibility and accuracy. By using Odoo's expiration date management, companies can minimize waste, optimize stock rotation, and maintain high standards of product quality. The system allows users to set expiration dates at both the product and batch levels, providing flexibility and accuracy.How to create security group category in Odoo 17
How to create security group category in Odoo 17Celine George
油
This slide will represent the creation of security group category in odoo 17. Security groups are essential for managing user access and permissions across different modules. Creating a security group category helps to organize related user groups and streamline permission settings within a specific module or functionality.ROLE OF ACETYCHOLINE AND SYNTHESIS
- 1. PRESENTED BY :- SAURABH VERMA M.S. PHARM DEPARMENT PHARMACOINFORMATIC NIPER,KOLKATA
- 2. Eric Niederhoffer SIU-SOM + cholineAcetyl-CoAPyruvate PDH complex (FAD, lipoamide, TPP) Choline acetyltransferase (inhibited by mercurials) Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (membrane associated; inhibited by nerve agents, sarin) Acetate + choline Reuptak e or diet
- 3. 留 留 硫 粒 (or 竜) 隆 Miyazawa, A., Y. Fujiyoshi, and N. Unwin. 2003. Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore. Nature 423:949-955. ACh ACh AChR
- 4. http://www.med.upenn.edu/ins/faculty/lindstro.htm Jon M. Lindstrom, Dept Neuroscience School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- 5. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders Myasthenia Gravis autoimmune IgG against 留1 subunit (muscle nAChR) Inherited disorders with 留, 硫, 隆, or 竜 subunits (muscle nAChR) Variety of disorders with neuronal nAChR Kinetic problems with channels IgG against M3 (mAChR) AChE deficiency http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/synmg.html
- 6. Review Questions How is ACh synthesized (substrates, enzyme, coenzyme)? How is ACh degraded (products, enzyme, location)? What are the composition and characteristics of AChR? How does ACh interact with AChR (binding sites)? What are the common disorders associated with ACh, AChE, and AChR?
- 7. Review Questions How is ACh synthesized (substrates, enzyme, coenzyme)? How is ACh degraded (products, enzyme, location)? What are the composition and characteristics of AChR? How does ACh interact with AChR (binding sites)? What are the common disorders associated with ACh, AChE, and AChR?
Editor's Notes
- #3: PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide TPP: thiamine pyrophosphate AChE: acetylcholinesterase Choline may be obtained from eggs, liver, beef steak, soy (lecithin = phosphatidyl choline)
- #4: ACh: acetylcholine AChR: acetylcholine receptor is the nicotinic hetero(and penta)meric muscle form, which has (1)2,,, fetal subunit composition and (1)2,,, adult subunit composition
- #5: http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/mother/acetylcholine.htm For the muscle nicotinic AChR (nAChR), PCa2+/PNa+ = 0.2-1. These are heteromeric receptors with respect to subunit composition. For neuronal nAChR, PCa2+/PNa+ = 6-20. These are either heteromeric or homomeric receptors with respect to subunit composition. Muscarinic AChR (mAChR, type M1, M2, M3, M4,or M5) operate through G protein signal pathways.
- #6: nAChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mAChR: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor AChE: acetylcholinesterase