Acient mesopotamia
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The document summarizes the Mesopotamian civilization that emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. Key points include: - The first Sumerian cities emerged around 3200 BC as nomadic herders settled and developed irrigation. They built the first cities and developed cuneiform writing and bureaucracy. - Akkadian and Babylonian empires later rose to power in Mesopotamia, unifying the region through conquest. Hammurabi established the first Babylonian empire and code of laws around 1760 BC. - Mesopotamian civilization made advances in math, science, trade, and culture. They developed irrigation, the
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Acient mesopotamia
- 14. In d o -E u r o p e a n M ig r a t io n s : 4 m -2 m B C E T h e M id d le E a s t : T h e
- 15. T h e A n c ie n t F e r t ile C r e s c e n t A r e a T h e M id d le E a s t : T h e C r a d le o f
- 16. S u m e r ia n C iv iliz a t io nThe first Sumerian cities emerged in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 B.C. Nomadic herders settled in the Southern part of Mesopotamia and gradually changed the farming way of life They built dams and dikes to keep the rivers from flooding their fields. The farming villages emerged along the river and grew into 12 city-states
- 18. S u m e r ia n R e lig io n - P o ly t h e is t ic E n k i A n t h r o p o m o r p h i c G o d s the belief in many gods Enki - the god of rainEnki - the god of rain Marduk - principal god of BabylonMarduk - principal god of Babylon Ashur - god of the AssyrianAshur - god of the Assyrian empireempire Gula (in Sumerian) or ShamashGula (in Sumerian) or Shamash (in Akkadian) - sun god and god(in Akkadian) - sun god and god of justiceof justice Ishtar - goddess of warIshtar - goddess of war Ereshkigal- goddess of theEreshkigal- goddess of the underworldunderworld Nabu- god of writingNabu- god of writing Ninurta- Sumerian god of war andNinurta- Sumerian god of war and god of heroesgod of heroes I邸kur- god of stormsI邸kur- god of storms Pazuzu - an evil god who broughtPazuzu - an evil god who brought diseases which had no known curediseases which had no known cure
- 19. Worshiped many gods. Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Saw afterlife as a grim place. Everybody would go into darkness and eat dust. To keep the gods happy, each city built a ziggurat, or pyramid temple. Each state had distinct social hierarchy, or system of ranks. Most people were peasant farmers. Women had legal rights; some engaged in trade and owned property. City-states with hereditary rulers. Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. RELIGION SOCIAL STRUCTUREGOVERNMENT
- 20. T h e C u n e if o r m M e s o p o t a m ia n T r a d e
- 21. C u n e if o r m : W e d g e - S h a p e d W r it in gThe Sumerians used a system of record- keeping that used baked clay These tablets are invaluable record of history of the Sumerian and of later peoples of Mesopotamia
- 22. C u n e if o r m W r it in g
- 23. D e c ip h e r in g C u n e if o r m
- 24. Schools were established: Only few people (particularly the boys) were trained to write cuneiform They were sons of upper-class professionals (priest, temple and palce officials, army officers, sea captains and other scribes) The students who learned the art could work as scribes for the temple, the royal court or wealthy merchants
- 25. S u m e r ia n S c r ib e s T a b le t H o u s e
- 26. Sumer falls to conquerors They did not form a strong and unified government War between city-states Sargon the Great was the ruler of the kingdom of Akkad who invaded the city-states He established the worlds first empire His empire stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea The empire lasted for only about 100 years
- 27. T h e A n c ie n t F e r t ile C r e s c e n t A r e a T h e M id d le E a s t : T h e C r a d le o f
- 28. Sumer falls to conquerors Ur was the city-state that was able to regain power and ruled both Summer and Akkad Hammurabi was the ruler from Babylonia who conquered and united the whole Mesopotamian Peninsula
- 29. S u m e r ia n C y lin d e r S e a ls
- 30. G ilg a m e s h The Mesopotamians believed that the dead descended to a gloomy underworld Epic of Gilgamesh was one of the earliest literary works.
- 31. G ilg a m e s h E p ic T a b le t : F lo o d S t o r y
- 32. Z ig g u r a t a t U r T e m p le M o u n t a in o f t h e G o d s
- 33. T h e R o y a l S t a n d a r d o f U r
- 34. M e s o p o t a m ia n H a r p
- 35. B o a r d G a m e F r o m U r
- 36. S o p h is t ic a t e d M e t a llu r g y S k ills a t U r
- 37. S a r g o n o f A k k a d : T h e W o r ld s F ir s t E m p ir e [ A k k a d ia n s ]
- 38. T h e B a b y lo n ia n E m p ir e s
- 39. H a m m u r a b i s [ r . 17 9 2 -17 5 0 B . C . E . ] C o d e
- 40. H a m m u r a b i, t h e J u d g e
- 41. B a b y lo n ia n M a t h They drew up multiplication and division tables and making calculations using geometry
- 42. B a b y lo n ia n N u m b e r s
- 43. Mesopotamian Trade System The two rivers provided a way to ship goods The wheel and the sail improved transportation system Marketplace were present in Mesopotamian cities
- 44. Clay Tablets : History Discoveries of clay tablets in the Near East shown trade contracts, lists of rulers, maps, poems, legends, prayers and laws (not interpreted until the 19th Century) Henry Rawilson (1840) discovered the key to the cuneiform writing. Tree types of writing on a huge cliff, known as the Behistun rock.
- 46. Mesopotamia Ancient region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Forms part of the Fertile Crescent Occupied by present day Iraq, South- eastern Turkey and Eastern Syria
- 47. Sumerian Civilization (4000-2500 BC) Oldest civilization and center of a sophisticated culture by 3000 BC People hailed from the mountains of Turkey Established autonomous city-states ruled over by a king with absolute powers or THEOCRACY Cuneiform, irrigation, wheel-turned pottery, wheel-driven carts
- 48. Akkadian (2750-2590 BC) Founded by King Sargon, who united the warring city state of Sumer and built an empire in the city of Agade (Akkad) Destroyed by weak leadership, until the empire is divided into two following attacks by the Elamites and the Amorites
- 49. Babylonian (1760 BC) Founded in 1760 under Hammurabi, the sixth Amorite king of Syria who defeated the Elamites and chose Babylon as the capital of his empire The city-states of Akkad and Sumer were united and trade and commerce flourished in the region
- 50. Babylonian (1760- 1500BC) People worshipped the god Marduk Code of Hammurabi protected the poor against the abuses of the rich Attacked by the Hittites two centuries later and eventually fell to Agum, a Kassite ruler in the 16th century BC
- 51. The Hittites (1600-1200 BC) Ancient people of Asia Minor and the Middle East, inhabiting present day Anatolia in Turkey, Most important contribution is their use of iron, becoming the first people to use horse- drawn cart during wars
- 52. Phoenicians, Hebrews, Assyrians and Chaldeans (1200-400BC) Sidonians Abraham; King Solomon Nineveh as capial King Nebuchadnezzar King Darius - Persia