Actinobacillus species are Gram-negative, pleomorphic rods that are associated with the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genital tract of animals. Certain species like Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli can cause sleepy foal disease in neonatal foals through transmission at birth via the umbilical cord, resulting in septicemia that is lethal in 30% of cases. Survivors may develop microabscesses in the lungs, kidneys, and joints. Virulence factors include RTX toxins and serotype-specific Apx toxins, with ApxI being hemolytic and inhibiting macrophage function.
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