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Active Beam Commissioning Overview

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Darren_Alexander

Active beams provide low maintenance cooling and heating through passive technology. They require low airflow which saves fan energy. During start-up, protective films must remain on beams until spaces are clean to prevent fouling. Commissioning involves carefully lowering secondary water temperatures, balancing primary airflow, and confirming water conditions to ensure proper operation. Active beams are a versatile solution that can be tailored for various space requirements with energy savings benefits.

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OPERATION & COMMISSIONING OF ACTIVE BEAMS Twa Panel Systems Inc. 1201 4th Street Nisku, AB Canada, T9E 7L3 (780)-955-8757 www.twapanels.ca
Agenda
Agenda
Introduction to Active (Chilled) Beams
Introduction to Active Beams Fan energy savings
Introduction to Active Beams De-coupled ventilation systems Energy Usage Noise Level Output Comments Adaptable Fan Coil Units Medium/High Medium 32-64 Btuh/ft2 solution VAV Systems Very efficient Low Low/Medium 32-64 Btuh/ft2 all-air system VRV System (Variable Possible high Refrigerant High Medium 48-64 Btuh/ft2 maintenance Volume) costs Very low Active Beams Low Low 32-125 Btuh/ft 2 maintenance costs
Introduction to Active Beams Principles of operation
Introduction to Active Beams Active beam benefits 1) Lower overall air volume processed by the primary air handling unit. (0.25-0.5 cfm/ft2) 2) Higher entering chilled water temperatures: (55属F-61属F). 3) Lower hot water temperatures: Select beams for cooling duty, then choose appropriate hot water temperature for heating. (i.e. usually less than 120属F. Beam discharge air should be less than 15oF warmer than room design temperature to limit the risk of stratification. 4) Suitable for use with water-to-water heat pumps, and has the potential to double the COP of a dedicated chiller loop. 5) Self regulating secondary capacity: Approach = Room Temperature - Supply water temperature 6) VAV control: Can be used to strictly limit room air velocity, provide linear temperature control, and additional fan energy savings for areas with highly variable latent loads. (i.e. Labs, Boardrooms, coffee rooms, classrooms, etc)
Introduction to Active Beams Suitable areas for active beams
Introduction to Active Beams Psychrometrics Option 1 Option 2 Primary air dew 48属F 51.5属F point Room air dew 55属F 57.8属F point Secondary CWT 55属F 58属F Dehumidification 0.002 lbs/lbDA 0.002 lbs/lbDA RESET FOR ENERGY SAVINGS!
Introduction to Active Beams Condensation risks Areas of greatest condensation risk: 1) Near points of entry to the building 4)At the perimeter, with mixed-mode ventilation 5)Structures with poor building envelopes, including retrofit applications 6)In areas with highly variable latent loads: Board rooms Lunch / coffee rooms Etc Condensation prevention strategies may include: 10)De-activation of secondary chilled water supply, by zone, via loss of dew-point from sensors mounted to CWS lines. ( or via combination: DB / RH zone stats, or other) 2) Tempering secondary chilled water supply by zone via: Three-way mixing valve Injection pumps 3) Etc
Introduction to Active Beams DOAS Information Resource 1) http://doas.psu.edu/ 2) Not all primary air handling systems are DOAS!
Introduction to Active Beams Placement within the ceiling P2 drops rapidly moving into the room P3 = 遜 at 3ft into occupied zone
Introduction to Active Beams Inherent comfort with active beams Active Beam Diffuser
Introduction to Active Beams Beam acoustics Chart reports acoustic values without room attenuation effect Active beams can be very quiet!
Introduction to Active Beams 1/3rd Octave band analysis Owens Corning Acoustic Testing Acoustic test standards may include: ISO3741 ASHRAE Std. 70 Reverberant chamber (No Attenuation) Manufacturer A = Worst Case 2 x 8 D nozzle @ 1.20w.c. Peak in the 2.5 KHz Band Lw (dB) = 39.1 LwA (dBA) = 38.8 NC = 24 !
Installation and maintenance
Installation and maintenance Fastening beams to the structure Upstream damper at SMACNA recommended minimum distance Drywall N.B. - Include seismic restraint where required by code
Installation and maintenance T-bar mounting detail Width Length
Installation and maintenance Exposed / pendant type units Coanda wings required for proper throw characteristics
Installation and maintenance Installation Tips 1. Rough-in: piping, ducting, concrete threaded inserts, and beams, prior to T-bar installation. Lower beams into T-bar for final positioning. 3. Store beams on-site indoors whenever possible, in a low traffic area, and otherwise covered for protection from the elements. 5. Leave plastic film on each unit to minimize site damage, and prevent coil / unit fouling. 7. Match beam label to schedule; - beams look alike! Confirm that the right beam is in the right room. Contractor suggestion: - Confirm packing slip matches shop drawing requirements upon receipt of material. 9. Limit flexible duct to no more than 10. Avoid sharp turns in ductwork.
Installation and maintenance Installation Tips 1. Plan for access doors, and possibly welded-aluminum frames, with beams mounted in dry-wall ceilings. 3. Manage glazing surface temperatures by planning discharge configuration. With high quality glass, beams which discharge perpendicular to the glazing, are typically preferred. 5. Stainless steel flexible hoses allow for some adjustment within the ceiling grid.
Installation and maintenance Sample active beam packaging nits remain as-new until final commissioning and turn-over. ecyclable packaging materials. ace-to-face, and back- to-back crating mini- mizes shipping damage.
Installation and maintenance Beams mounted with aircraft cable Note protective film at inlet of unit mounted coil
Installation and maintenance IOM and precautions ead the manufacturers Installation Operation and Maintenance Manual ay particular note of any precautions which have been identified as high risk conditions. (i.e. minimum two people to handle beams 6 and larger, pulling on un-latched door may cause hardware failure, be cautious of sharp edges, limit flex duct connections to 10 maximum, etc) o NOT circulate water through the beam mounted coil until the mains have been properly de-greased / flushed. o NOT remove protective plastic film from beam body until the space has been appropriately cleaned, to minimize fouling of the coil O lower the secondary chilled water temperature slowly to limit the risk of condensation damage during start-up.
Installation and maintenance Coil maintenance ctive beams require practically no maintenance. If the coil remains dry, as expected, there is very little risk of fin bridging. ecommended cleaning schedules typically involve lowering, or removing the perforated doors / panels, in front of unit mounted coil, at 6-Months, and 1-Yr., to establish a maintenance schedule. Areas with higher airborne contamination require more frequent cleaning. ften, cleaning schedules can extend to between 3-5 years in spaces subject to weekly housekeeping. igher housekeeping frequency, reduces the intervals between coil
Installation and maintenance Coil maintenance Vacuum with or without a horse- hair bristle brush
Installation and maintenance Unit cleanliness prior to start-up eave active beams wrapped to prevent fouling unit or coil. ipe unit with a damp rag to remove surface dirt, or vacuum with a horse- hair bristle brush. o NOT scrub the paint. Damage to the finish may occur. soft bristle brush and mild detergent with water, can be used to remove stubborn smudging, if required. eams ship with repair kits for surface scratched units. Do NOT spray the unit directly with spray-bomb type matched paint. Use artist paint
Air-side control and measurement
Air-side control and measurement Ducting for equal static pressure Pt = Ps + Pv Pt = total pressure (w.c.) Ps = static pressure (w.c.) Pv = velocity pressure (w.c.) If velocity pressure is kept negligibly low, then the same static pressure will hold throughout the duct. ( i.e. Only if transport loss can be neglected). Pv = 0,5 x r x v2 Pv = velocity pressure (w.c.) r = air density (0.075 lbs/ft3) v2 = air velocity (fpm) At < (590 fpm) duct air velocity Pv < (0.02w.c.) At < (590 fpm) transport = (5) < (0.001w.c/ft.) = (8) < (.0007w.c./ft.) Low air volumes required for beams makes using round ducting practical and low air velocity achievable.
Air-side control and measurement Vary primary air pressure for capacity control ? AV primary air flow is typically simple with arying the plenum pressure orifice plate Iris type yields a non-linear capacity response. Tight control with variable plenum dampers. pressure is typically impractical.
Air-side control and measurement Vary primary air pressure for capacity control ?
Air-side control and measurement Recommended CAV damper types Iris Dampers (angled multi-leaf blades) Pressure independent butterfly type Iris Dampers
Air-side control and measurement Damper Tips ize dampers for flow and pressure drop. i.e. Do NOT oversize the damper by simply installing a nominal duct diameter damper. Check range of flow control, step-down if required. enturi style dampers are typically only used with labs, and narrow-band pressurization control. heck for flow generated noise with larger pressure drops. Add duct silencers if necessary. onsider VAV air valves for spaces with highly variable latent loads. Be aware of additional control requirements Consider occupancy type (i.e. 2-position) air valves for these spaces in an effort to manage control costs.
Air-side control and measurement Acoustics atch for flow generated noise across Iris damper. dd duct mounted silencers if required.
Air-side control and measurement Balancing and confirmation eams are considered a constant volume device. Apply a known plenum static pressure, and the cross-sectional area of each nozzle sums to yield the total primary air delivered by the beam. Adjust orifice P for beams of common pressure; - their nozzle determines the primary air flow rate. ince the induction ratio is exceedingly difficult to field measure, the most accurate means of determining the primary air delivery, is to rely on the manufacturers plenum pressure vs. volume relationship, which is typically measured with a precision orifice. Confirmation of zone flow rates can be accomplished via a duct traverse at a node of common intersection. low hoods cannot be used to determine total air flow into the space due to the recirculation component of the room air.
Air-side control and measurement Challenges ominal duct size vs. P across Iris dampers. oning to minimize capital costs. ight-time set-back. imultaneous perimeter heating with core cooling. ir-side free-cooling. ew-point control.
Water-side control and measurement
Water-side control and measurement Self-regulating thermal capacity Example 1 (1365 Btuh) Room Temp = 75oF Water temp = 61oF Approach temp = 75oF-61oF = 14oF Capacity = X (682 Btuh) Room Temp = 68oF Water Temp = 61oF Approach temp = 68oF-61oF = 7oF Capacity = 1/2X
Water-side control and measurement Modulating water flow Turbulent flow Laminar flow Single circuit water flow Temperature controlled water Non-linear Restricted to zone control Expensive Expensive Maintenance issues? Maintenance issues?
Water-side control and measurement Challenges ater-side free cooling oning hilled water reset by zone alve authority (Ensure that the control valves are sized based on Cv, NOT line size)
Water-side control and measurement Tips for easier commissioning se pressure independent flow regulating valves everse-return piping can sometimes make life easier in each zone pply venting liberally ressure independent water control valve (Constant Flow Rate)
Start-up
Start-up Sample start-up sequence onfirm start-up and operating sequence with the: plans, specifications, and consulting engineer. onfirm primary air ducting is free of dirt and debris to prevent beam nozzle clogging. eal all duct leaks, and ensure all duct access ports are affixed to the duct to achieve specified duct leakage rates. lit protective film at the active beam discharge to allow primary air to enter the space. Do NOT remove the protective film, until the work space is in an as-
Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) o NOT operate the active beams for temporary heat without prior written approval from the consulting engineer. lose all operable windows, and ensure building exit doors are sealed to assist in the envelope dehumidification. ommission and operate the primary air handling unit for building envelope dehumidification. alance supply air ducting to each zone.
Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) nsure a clean environment within which the active beams will operate (i.e. no gypsum dust or other construction contamination) emove protective film from active beam units nsure piping mains have been flushed and leak-tested, prior to being connected to the beam coils O NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES FLUSH THE PIPING SYSTEM THROUGH THE BEAM MOUNTED COILS.
Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) onfirm that all air has been removed from the distribution piping. Deliver excess water by increasing the pump flow, or by closing other zones to assist in the removal of air from the system. nce the building envelope dew point has been reached, slowly lower the secondary chilled water temperature to the scheduled design value. Note that dehumidifying the building envelope may require several days, or up to a week initially, to completely dehumidify the space. onfirm secondary water conditions regularly to ensure that it is properly filtered, and appropriately inhibited.
Start-up Shop drawings and schedules as a tool for commissioning
Sample space serviced by active beams Child care classroom, California

More Related Content

Active Beam Commissioning Overview

  • 1. OPERATION & COMMISSIONING OF ACTIVE BEAMS Twa Panel Systems Inc. 1201 4th Street Nisku, AB Canada, T9E 7L3 (780)-955-8757 www.twapanels.ca
  • 4. Introduction to Active (Chilled) Beams
  • 5. Introduction to Active Beams Fan energy savings
  • 6. Introduction to Active Beams De-coupled ventilation systems Energy Usage Noise Level Output Comments Adaptable Fan Coil Units Medium/High Medium 32-64 Btuh/ft2 solution VAV Systems Very efficient Low Low/Medium 32-64 Btuh/ft2 all-air system VRV System (Variable Possible high Refrigerant High Medium 48-64 Btuh/ft2 maintenance Volume) costs Very low Active Beams Low Low 32-125 Btuh/ft 2 maintenance costs
  • 7. Introduction to Active Beams Principles of operation
  • 8. Introduction to Active Beams Active beam benefits 1) Lower overall air volume processed by the primary air handling unit. (0.25-0.5 cfm/ft2) 2) Higher entering chilled water temperatures: (55属F-61属F). 3) Lower hot water temperatures: Select beams for cooling duty, then choose appropriate hot water temperature for heating. (i.e. usually less than 120属F. Beam discharge air should be less than 15oF warmer than room design temperature to limit the risk of stratification. 4) Suitable for use with water-to-water heat pumps, and has the potential to double the COP of a dedicated chiller loop. 5) Self regulating secondary capacity: Approach = Room Temperature - Supply water temperature 6) VAV control: Can be used to strictly limit room air velocity, provide linear temperature control, and additional fan energy savings for areas with highly variable latent loads. (i.e. Labs, Boardrooms, coffee rooms, classrooms, etc)
  • 9. Introduction to Active Beams Suitable areas for active beams
  • 10. Introduction to Active Beams Psychrometrics Option 1 Option 2 Primary air dew 48属F 51.5属F point Room air dew 55属F 57.8属F point Secondary CWT 55属F 58属F Dehumidification 0.002 lbs/lbDA 0.002 lbs/lbDA RESET FOR ENERGY SAVINGS!
  • 11. Introduction to Active Beams Condensation risks Areas of greatest condensation risk: 1) Near points of entry to the building 4)At the perimeter, with mixed-mode ventilation 5)Structures with poor building envelopes, including retrofit applications 6)In areas with highly variable latent loads: Board rooms Lunch / coffee rooms Etc Condensation prevention strategies may include: 10)De-activation of secondary chilled water supply, by zone, via loss of dew-point from sensors mounted to CWS lines. ( or via combination: DB / RH zone stats, or other) 2) Tempering secondary chilled water supply by zone via: Three-way mixing valve Injection pumps 3) Etc
  • 12. Introduction to Active Beams DOAS Information Resource 1) http://doas.psu.edu/ 2) Not all primary air handling systems are DOAS!
  • 13. Introduction to Active Beams Placement within the ceiling P2 drops rapidly moving into the room P3 = 遜 at 3ft into occupied zone
  • 14. Introduction to Active Beams Inherent comfort with active beams Active Beam Diffuser
  • 15. Introduction to Active Beams Beam acoustics Chart reports acoustic values without room attenuation effect Active beams can be very quiet!
  • 16. Introduction to Active Beams 1/3rd Octave band analysis Owens Corning Acoustic Testing Acoustic test standards may include: ISO3741 ASHRAE Std. 70 Reverberant chamber (No Attenuation) Manufacturer A = Worst Case 2 x 8 D nozzle @ 1.20w.c. Peak in the 2.5 KHz Band Lw (dB) = 39.1 LwA (dBA) = 38.8 NC = 24 !
  • 18. Installation and maintenance Fastening beams to the structure Upstream damper at SMACNA recommended minimum distance Drywall N.B. - Include seismic restraint where required by code
  • 19. Installation and maintenance T-bar mounting detail Width Length
  • 20. Installation and maintenance Exposed / pendant type units Coanda wings required for proper throw characteristics
  • 21. Installation and maintenance Installation Tips 1. Rough-in: piping, ducting, concrete threaded inserts, and beams, prior to T-bar installation. Lower beams into T-bar for final positioning. 3. Store beams on-site indoors whenever possible, in a low traffic area, and otherwise covered for protection from the elements. 5. Leave plastic film on each unit to minimize site damage, and prevent coil / unit fouling. 7. Match beam label to schedule; - beams look alike! Confirm that the right beam is in the right room. Contractor suggestion: - Confirm packing slip matches shop drawing requirements upon receipt of material. 9. Limit flexible duct to no more than 10. Avoid sharp turns in ductwork.
  • 22. Installation and maintenance Installation Tips 1. Plan for access doors, and possibly welded-aluminum frames, with beams mounted in dry-wall ceilings. 3. Manage glazing surface temperatures by planning discharge configuration. With high quality glass, beams which discharge perpendicular to the glazing, are typically preferred. 5. Stainless steel flexible hoses allow for some adjustment within the ceiling grid.
  • 23. Installation and maintenance Sample active beam packaging nits remain as-new until final commissioning and turn-over. ecyclable packaging materials. ace-to-face, and back- to-back crating mini- mizes shipping damage.
  • 24. Installation and maintenance Beams mounted with aircraft cable Note protective film at inlet of unit mounted coil
  • 25. Installation and maintenance IOM and precautions ead the manufacturers Installation Operation and Maintenance Manual ay particular note of any precautions which have been identified as high risk conditions. (i.e. minimum two people to handle beams 6 and larger, pulling on un-latched door may cause hardware failure, be cautious of sharp edges, limit flex duct connections to 10 maximum, etc) o NOT circulate water through the beam mounted coil until the mains have been properly de-greased / flushed. o NOT remove protective plastic film from beam body until the space has been appropriately cleaned, to minimize fouling of the coil O lower the secondary chilled water temperature slowly to limit the risk of condensation damage during start-up.
  • 26. Installation and maintenance Coil maintenance ctive beams require practically no maintenance. If the coil remains dry, as expected, there is very little risk of fin bridging. ecommended cleaning schedules typically involve lowering, or removing the perforated doors / panels, in front of unit mounted coil, at 6-Months, and 1-Yr., to establish a maintenance schedule. Areas with higher airborne contamination require more frequent cleaning. ften, cleaning schedules can extend to between 3-5 years in spaces subject to weekly housekeeping. igher housekeeping frequency, reduces the intervals between coil
  • 27. Installation and maintenance Coil maintenance Vacuum with or without a horse- hair bristle brush
  • 28. Installation and maintenance Unit cleanliness prior to start-up eave active beams wrapped to prevent fouling unit or coil. ipe unit with a damp rag to remove surface dirt, or vacuum with a horse- hair bristle brush. o NOT scrub the paint. Damage to the finish may occur. soft bristle brush and mild detergent with water, can be used to remove stubborn smudging, if required. eams ship with repair kits for surface scratched units. Do NOT spray the unit directly with spray-bomb type matched paint. Use artist paint
  • 29. Air-side control and measurement
  • 30. Air-side control and measurement Ducting for equal static pressure Pt = Ps + Pv Pt = total pressure (w.c.) Ps = static pressure (w.c.) Pv = velocity pressure (w.c.) If velocity pressure is kept negligibly low, then the same static pressure will hold throughout the duct. ( i.e. Only if transport loss can be neglected). Pv = 0,5 x r x v2 Pv = velocity pressure (w.c.) r = air density (0.075 lbs/ft3) v2 = air velocity (fpm) At < (590 fpm) duct air velocity Pv < (0.02w.c.) At < (590 fpm) transport = (5) < (0.001w.c/ft.) = (8) < (.0007w.c./ft.) Low air volumes required for beams makes using round ducting practical and low air velocity achievable.
  • 31. Air-side control and measurement Vary primary air pressure for capacity control ? AV primary air flow is typically simple with arying the plenum pressure orifice plate Iris type yields a non-linear capacity response. Tight control with variable plenum dampers. pressure is typically impractical.
  • 32. Air-side control and measurement Vary primary air pressure for capacity control ?
  • 33. Air-side control and measurement Recommended CAV damper types Iris Dampers (angled multi-leaf blades) Pressure independent butterfly type Iris Dampers
  • 34. Air-side control and measurement Damper Tips ize dampers for flow and pressure drop. i.e. Do NOT oversize the damper by simply installing a nominal duct diameter damper. Check range of flow control, step-down if required. enturi style dampers are typically only used with labs, and narrow-band pressurization control. heck for flow generated noise with larger pressure drops. Add duct silencers if necessary. onsider VAV air valves for spaces with highly variable latent loads. Be aware of additional control requirements Consider occupancy type (i.e. 2-position) air valves for these spaces in an effort to manage control costs.
  • 35. Air-side control and measurement Acoustics atch for flow generated noise across Iris damper. dd duct mounted silencers if required.
  • 36. Air-side control and measurement Balancing and confirmation eams are considered a constant volume device. Apply a known plenum static pressure, and the cross-sectional area of each nozzle sums to yield the total primary air delivered by the beam. Adjust orifice P for beams of common pressure; - their nozzle determines the primary air flow rate. ince the induction ratio is exceedingly difficult to field measure, the most accurate means of determining the primary air delivery, is to rely on the manufacturers plenum pressure vs. volume relationship, which is typically measured with a precision orifice. Confirmation of zone flow rates can be accomplished via a duct traverse at a node of common intersection. low hoods cannot be used to determine total air flow into the space due to the recirculation component of the room air.
  • 37. Air-side control and measurement Challenges ominal duct size vs. P across Iris dampers. oning to minimize capital costs. ight-time set-back. imultaneous perimeter heating with core cooling. ir-side free-cooling. ew-point control.
  • 38. Water-side control and measurement
  • 39. Water-side control and measurement Self-regulating thermal capacity Example 1 (1365 Btuh) Room Temp = 75oF Water temp = 61oF Approach temp = 75oF-61oF = 14oF Capacity = X (682 Btuh) Room Temp = 68oF Water Temp = 61oF Approach temp = 68oF-61oF = 7oF Capacity = 1/2X
  • 40. Water-side control and measurement Modulating water flow Turbulent flow Laminar flow Single circuit water flow Temperature controlled water Non-linear Restricted to zone control Expensive Expensive Maintenance issues? Maintenance issues?
  • 41. Water-side control and measurement Challenges ater-side free cooling oning hilled water reset by zone alve authority (Ensure that the control valves are sized based on Cv, NOT line size)
  • 42. Water-side control and measurement Tips for easier commissioning se pressure independent flow regulating valves everse-return piping can sometimes make life easier in each zone pply venting liberally ressure independent water control valve (Constant Flow Rate)
  • 44. Start-up Sample start-up sequence onfirm start-up and operating sequence with the: plans, specifications, and consulting engineer. onfirm primary air ducting is free of dirt and debris to prevent beam nozzle clogging. eal all duct leaks, and ensure all duct access ports are affixed to the duct to achieve specified duct leakage rates. lit protective film at the active beam discharge to allow primary air to enter the space. Do NOT remove the protective film, until the work space is in an as-
  • 45. Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) o NOT operate the active beams for temporary heat without prior written approval from the consulting engineer. lose all operable windows, and ensure building exit doors are sealed to assist in the envelope dehumidification. ommission and operate the primary air handling unit for building envelope dehumidification. alance supply air ducting to each zone.
  • 46. Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) nsure a clean environment within which the active beams will operate (i.e. no gypsum dust or other construction contamination) emove protective film from active beam units nsure piping mains have been flushed and leak-tested, prior to being connected to the beam coils O NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES FLUSH THE PIPING SYSTEM THROUGH THE BEAM MOUNTED COILS.
  • 47. Start-up Sample start-up sequence (contd) onfirm that all air has been removed from the distribution piping. Deliver excess water by increasing the pump flow, or by closing other zones to assist in the removal of air from the system. nce the building envelope dew point has been reached, slowly lower the secondary chilled water temperature to the scheduled design value. Note that dehumidifying the building envelope may require several days, or up to a week initially, to completely dehumidify the space. onfirm secondary water conditions regularly to ensure that it is properly filtered, and appropriately inhibited.
  • 48. Start-up Shop drawings and schedules as a tool for commissioning
  • 49. Sample space serviced by active beams Child care classroom, California