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This document discusses the history, presentation, diagnosis and management of Meniere's disease. Some key points:
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- Diagnosis is based on recurrent vertigo spells lasting 20 minutes to 24 hours, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. Tests like electrocochleography and VEMPs can provide supportive evidence.
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1. Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that opens the mastoid cavity to clean infected air cells and improve ventilation. It has evolved from simple trephination for acute infection to modern techniques like intact canal wall mastoidectomy.
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2. The document outlines the history, surgical anatomy, types (cortical, radical, modified radical), indications, and techniques of mastoidectomy. Types are classified as open (canal wall down) or closed (canal wall up) approaches.
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1. Benign tumours of the external ear include preauricular sinus or cyst, sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, keloid, hemangioma, papilloma, exostoses, osteoma, ceruminoma, and sebaceous adenoma.
2. Malignant tumours of the external ear include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
3. Benign tumours of the middle ear include glomus tumours, also known as paragangliomas, which arise from the glomus bodies along the tympanic branch of the facial nerve.
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Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure to access and treat infections of the mastoid air cells behind the ear. Over time, the procedure has evolved from simple cortical mastoidectomies described in the 17th century to more advanced techniques using an operating microscope and drill. Modern mastoidectomies are typically classified as canal wall up or canal wall down depending on whether the bony ear canal wall is preserved. Indications include treatment of cholesteatoma, refractory ear infections, and approaches for other inner ear procedures. The surgery involves an incision behind the ear to access and clean out the infected mastoid air cells.Mastoidectomy
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- Surgical anatomy and important structures like the tegmen, sigmoid sinus and facial nerve are discussed.
- Indications for cortical mastoidectomy include mastoiditis and cholesteatoma.
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Otitis Media can be acute or chronic. Acute Suppurative Otitis Media is caused by bacterial infection spreading from the nose or throat to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. It progresses from catarrhal to exudative to suppurative stages, sometimes causing mastoiditis. Chronic Otitis Media can be suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media may be benign or dangerous, with the dangerous type at risk of complications like cholesteatoma. Chronic Non-Suppurative Otitis Media involves non-purulent effusion, causing conditions like serous otitis media and atelectasis. TuberculousChronic suppurative otitis media (csom)
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Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-standing inflammation of the middle ear that causes intermittent or continuous ear discharge and hearing loss. It can be classified as tubotympanic or atticoantral depending on the area of involvement. Atticoantral CSOM poses higher risks due to complications like cholesteatoma that can destroy local bones. Treatment involves surgery like cortical mastoidectomy for drainage or radical/modified radical mastoidectomy to fully remove the disease.More Related Content
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2. The document outlines the history, surgical anatomy, types (cortical, radical, modified radical), indications, and techniques of mastoidectomy. Types are classified as open (canal wall down) or closed (canal wall up) approaches.
3. Potential complications are discussed briefly. Controversies remain regarding the best surgical techniques and approaches to different pathologies.Development of ear ppt
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The ear develops from three germ layers into three main structures - the inner, middle, and outer ear. The outer ear develops from hillocks in the mandibular and hyoid arches, which fuse to form the pinna. The external auditory canal develops from the first branchial groove. The middle ear cavities develop from outpouchings of the first and second pharyngeal pouches. Ossicles develop from the first and second branchial arches. The inner ear develops from the otic placode, forming the fluid-filled cochlea and vestibular system. The facial and acoustic nerves also develop during this period to innervate the ear structures.Tumours of External Auditory Canal and Middle Ear
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1. Benign tumours of the external ear include preauricular sinus or cyst, sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, keloid, hemangioma, papilloma, exostoses, osteoma, ceruminoma, and sebaceous adenoma.
2. Malignant tumours of the external ear include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
3. Benign tumours of the middle ear include glomus tumours, also known as paragangliomas, which arise from the glomus bodies along the tympanic branch of the facial nerve.
4. Malignant tumours of the middle ear are rare but includeSeptplasty
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油
This document discusses septoplasty and submucous resection of the nasal septum (SMR) procedures. It defines key terms like septum, deviated septum, and provides an overview of the causes and symptoms of a deviated septum. The document outlines the steps of SMR and septoplasty, including anesthesia, incisions, cartilage/bone removal, and packing. Potential complications are also summarized.Myringotomy
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Myringotomy (from Latin myringa "eardrum") is a surgical procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain pus from the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube is inserted into the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously in two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or removed during a minor procedure.Malignant Otitis Externa
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This document discusses tumours of the ear, including both benign and malignant types. It provides details on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of various tumours such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and others. Treatment options discussed include surgical excision with various techniques depending on tumour size and location, Mohs surgery, radiation therapy, and reconstruction after tumour removal. Staging criteria and classifications of temporal bone tumours are also presented.MYRINGOTOMY,
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油
This document provides classifications in various areas of ENT, including head and neck cancer TNM staging, otology classifications like chronic otitis media and presbyacusis, rhinology classifications like nasal polyps and fungal sinusitis, head and neck benign classifications like tonsil size grading and pharyngeal pouch classification, paediatric ENT classifications like croup grading and hemifacial microsomia, and other miscellaneous ENT classifications. The classifications are used for staging diseases, making management decisions, predicting outcomes, monitoring progress, and comparing data.Csom, cholesteatoma
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油
This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), which is a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by ear discharge and a permanent perforation of the eardrum. It describes the two main types of CSOM - tubotympanic and atticoantral - and covers their etiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and complications. Cholesteatoma, a growth of skin cells in the middle ear, is also discussed in detail including its origin, classification, expansion and bone destruction potential, and role in increasing risk of complications from middle ear infections.Mastoidectomy (by drdhiru456)
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油
This document provides information about different types of mastoidectomy procedures. It begins with a brief history of mastoidectomy surgery dating back to 1873. It then discusses indications for various procedures like cortical mastoidectomy, canal wall up (CWU) mastoidectomy, modified radical mastoidectomy, and radical mastoidectomy. Key anatomical structures are defined. Surgical techniques for CWU mastoidectomy are outlined, including incision, periosteal elevation, and middle ear dissection steps. Contraindications and debates around CWU versus canal wall down approaches are also summarized.Mastoidectomy
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油
Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure to access and treat infections of the mastoid air cells behind the ear. Over time, the procedure has evolved from simple cortical mastoidectomies described in the 17th century to more advanced techniques using an operating microscope and drill. Modern mastoidectomies are typically classified as canal wall up or canal wall down depending on whether the bony ear canal wall is preserved. Indications include treatment of cholesteatoma, refractory ear infections, and approaches for other inner ear procedures. The surgery involves an incision behind the ear to access and clean out the infected mastoid air cells.Mastoidectomy
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油
The document provides information about the mastoidectomy procedure:
- It begins with classifications of mastoidectomies as canal wall up (CWU) vs canal wall down (CWD) procedures.
- Surgical anatomy and important structures like the tegmen, sigmoid sinus and facial nerve are discussed.
- Indications for cortical mastoidectomy include mastoiditis and cholesteatoma.
- The procedure involves making a postaural incision, removing the mastoid cortex to expose the air cells and mastoid antrum, and completely clearing out the accessible mastoid air cells while preserving key structures like the tegmen and posterior canal wall.Supraglottic Cancer
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This document discusses earwax, also known as cerumen, and methods for removing impacted earwax. It describes the structure and composition of earwax, noting that it helps clean and lubricate the ear canal while also playing an antibacterial and antifungal role. When earwax becomes impacted, it can cause symptoms like a blocked ear sensation, discomfort, pain, tinnitus, and hearing impairment. The document outlines common techniques for removing impacted earwax, including using cerumenolytic drops to soften the wax, syringing the ear canal with water, and instrumental removal with tools like a cerumen hook. Complications from improper removal are also discussed.Similar to ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA notes.pptx (20)
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Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-standing ear infection characterized by persistent ear drainage through a perforated eardrum. It is more common in developing countries and affects all ages. CSOM can be tubotympanic type, confined to the middle ear space, or atticoantral type, involving the mastoid air cells. Atticoantral disease poses greater risks of complications due to bone erosion and possible cholesteatoma formation. Treatment involves topical and oral antibiotics as well as surgical procedures like myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and ossiculoplasty to repair damaged structures and stop drainage.Otittis media
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This document discusses chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), including the types, symptoms, signs, investigations, and treatment options. It describes CSOM as a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by continuous or intermittent ear discharge through a perforated eardrum. The two main types are tubotympanic disease, confined to the anterior middle ear, and atticoantral disease, involving the posterior middle ear and associated with bone erosion and possible cholesteatoma formation. Treatment involves medical management with antibiotics and surgery such as myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and mastoidectomy depending on the severity and extent of disease.Chronic Otitis Media
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This document discusses chronic otitis media (COM), a long-standing middle ear infection characterized by persistent ear discharge through a perforated eardrum. It defines the two main types - tubotympanic and atticoantral disease - and describes their signs, symptoms, causes, investigations, and treatment options including medical management and surgical procedures like myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and ossiculoplasty. COM is more common in developing nations and usually starts in childhood, affecting hearing if left untreated. Accurate diagnosis involves examination, tests like audiograms and CT scans, and ruling out complications.Otitis media syanthika medsurg
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Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. It is common in young children due to the short, horizontal shape of the eustachian tubes. Risk factors include exposure to cigarette smoke, overcrowding, bottle feeding, and allergies. Acute otitis media presents with severe ear pain over days to weeks and visible inflammation of the eardrum. Chronic otitis media is characterized by persistent fluid buildup behind an intact eardrum, while chronic suppurative otitis media involves long-term drainage through a perforated eardrum. Treatment involves antibiotics, antihistamines, tubes, or surgery depending on the type and severity ofear disorders
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This document discusses various ear disorders including infections of the external ear like otitis externa. It describes the anatomy of the ear and the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic otitis externa. It also covers otitis media, explaining the types like acute suppurative, non-suppurative and chronic suppurative otitis media. The causes, symptoms, investigations and management of different types of otitis media are outlined. Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media and differences between tubotympanic and atticoantral diseases are summarized as well. The pathology of otosclerosis is also briefly explained.chronic otitis media part 2 
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鏝 Postgraduate Students & Researchers in the field of medical sciences and physiology.
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･ Watch Now: https://www.nuaire.com/resources/best-sampling-practices-cleanroom-usp-797
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ACUTE AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA notes.pptx
- 2. ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA It is an acute infection of the middle ear lasting less than six weeks. Causes Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenza Moraxella catarrhalis These organisms reach the middle ear after eustachian tube dysfunction caused by obstruction related to URTI Eustachian tube dysfunction due to inflammation of surrounding structures e.g. sinusitis, adenoid hypertrophy Obstruction due to allergic reactions Tympanic membrane perforation
- 3. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Otalgia relieved by perforation which can either be spontaneous or therapeutic. Drainage from the ear Fever Conductive hearing loss Otoscopic examination- reveals a normal external auditory canal. The tympanic membrane is erythematous and often bulging. Risk factors Age i.e. less than one year Chronic upper respiratory tract infections Medical conditions that predispose to ear infections e.g. Downs syndrome, cleft palate. Chronic exposure to second hand cigarette smoke Increased exposure to day care & immune suppresion
- 4. MANAGEMENT Early and appropriate broad spectrum antibiotics therapy amoxicillin,augumentin , clindamycin erythromycin for 10 days. Analgesics for pain. If drainage occurs give antibiotic otic preparation. Myringotomy or tympanotomy incision of the tympanic membrane. It is done to relieve pressure and to drain serous or purulent fluid from the middle ear thus relieving pain. It is done under local anesthesia and microscope guidance. Drainage can be analysed for culture and sensitivity.. If AOM recurs a ventilating tube or pressure equalizing tube is inserted to replace the eustachian tube. It is retained for 6 18 months.
- 5. CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA/ CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA It is repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation. Chronic infections of the middle ear damages the tympanic membrane, destroys the ossicles and may sometimes involve the mastoid. Clinical manifestations: Varying degrees of hearing loss. Persistent or intermittent foul smelling otorrhea Pain in case of acute mastoiditis. Postauricular area is tender and may be edematous and erythrematous. Nausea Dizziness Tympanic membrane perforation Facial palsy
- 6. Otoscopy: may show perforation Cholesteatoma can be identified as a white mass behind the tympanic membrane or coming to the external canal through a perforation. Causes: Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Proteus Pseudomonas E.coli
- 7. DIAGNOSIS 1. History and Physical exam 2. Otoscopy shows a perforated T.M 3. Culture of drainage 4. Mastoid xray to rule out mastoiditis 5. Sinus xray 6. MRI or CT scan temporal lobe to check for bone destruction secondary to cholesteatoma. Complications: Cholesteatoma Hearing loss Facial paralysis Lateral sinus thrombosis
- 8. Subdural abcess Mastoiditis Labyrinthitis Medical management: Suctioning the ear under otoscopic guidance. Dry the ear by wicking roll a piece of clean absorbent cloth into a wick and insert into the ear. Leave for 1 2 minutes, remove and replace with another wick. Repeat until the wick is dry. Antibiotic drops or powder for purulent discharge. CAF, systemic antibiotics only in acute infections Surgical management: 1. Tympanoplasty surgical reconstruction of the tympanic membrane. It aims at establishing middle ear function by closing the perforation, preventing infection and improving hearing
- 9. 2. Ossiculoplasty surgical reconstruction of the middle ear bones to restore hearing. Ossicles are reconnected using prosthesis made of stainless steel thus reestablishing the sound conduction mechanism. 3. Mastoidectomy it aims at removing cholesteatoma and creating a dry /non infected ear.It is done through a postauricular incision. Infection is eliminated by removing mastoid air cells. There is risk of injury to the facial nerve.