ºÝºÝߣ

ºÝºÝߣShare a Scribd company logo

AIA Presentation 2015

?
?
David L. Peterson
David L. Peterson

Metalworking began in Eurasian steppes over 6000 years ago, and from the very beginning it involved networks for the distribution of raw materials over hundreds of miles. Metal helped to forge the bonds that made the Eurasian steppes a broad cultural area. This presentation on early metal making and metal networks in the Middle Volga steppe region of Samara, Russia, includes copper, bronze, and gold jewelry, and the role that the mobility of early steppe pastoralists, relationships between distant communities, and recycling played in the social and technical practices that surrounded early metalwork. Previous versions of this presentation were given at the Talking Archaeological Science Symposium, Stanford University Archaeology Center, May 17, 2014, and at the Four Field Colloquium, University of Michigan Department of Archaeology, January 20, 2014.

1 of 39
Download to read offline
David Peterson, Ph.D. The MoDa Group and Director, Samara Ancient Metals Project Eurasia Before the Golden Age Metal Technology and Metal Networks, ca. 3000-1500 BC AIA, Minnesota Society and Macalester College September 24, 2015
AIA Presentation 2015
structure + composi-on
Source: http://thehistoryofeuropepodcast.blogspot.com/2012/06/incredible-khvalynsk-culture-of-lower.html Khvalynsk Khvalynsk Cemetery Eneolithic, 5000-4500 BCE
circumpon-c metallurgical province P r o v i n c e Metallurgical Focus Metalworking Focus Metalworking Focus Metallurgical Focus Metallurgical Focus Eurasian Steppe ZoneCaucasus Zone Metallurgical Focus Metalworking Focus Metalworking Focus Metallurgical Focus Metallurgical Focus Province ca. 3500-2000 BC (E. N. Chernykh 1992) Caspian Sea . Samara
arc OES studies of copper and bronze from the Eurasian steppes E. N. Chernykh (1970, 1992); Chernykh and Kuzminykh (1987)
arc OES studies of copper and bronze from the Eurasian steppes E. N. Chernykh (1970, 1992); Chernykh and Kuzminykh (1987) cri-que of method M. Pollard, C. BaS, B. Stearn, and S. Young, Analy/cal Chemistry in Archaeology
arc OES studies of copper and bronze from the Eurasian steppes E. N. Chernykh (1970, 1992); Chernykh and Kuzminykh (1987) cri-que of method M. Pollard, C. BaS, B. Stearn, and S. Young, Analy/cal Chemistry in Archaeology lead isotopes T. St?llner, et al. Anatolian Metal V (2011)
arc OES studies of copper and bronze from the Eurasian steppes E. N. Chernykh (1970, 1992); Chernykh and Kuzminykh (1987) cri-que of method M. Pollard, C. BaS, B. Stearn, and S. Young, Analy/cal Chemistry in Archaeology lead isotopes T. St?llner, et al. Anatolian Metal V (2011) used in recent major syntheses 2 published by CUP (both in 2007), 1 by U of CA (2008)
AIA Presentation 2015
AIA Presentation 2015
Kamyshla sites Samara, Russia, 15th century BCE
Samara Valley Project The Samara Valley Project: A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes, edited by D. Anthony, D. Brown, A. Khokhlov, P. Kuznetsov, and O. Mochalov. Los Angeles: Cotsen Ins-tute of Archaeology, UCLA.
¡®Moonscape¡¯ of ancient mine pits Excavated copper mine shad Kargaly complex Orenburg, Russia
Dri& mine in Kargaly ca. 1800-1400 BCE Drid mine at Kargaly ca. 1800-1400 BC
samples removed by hand with jeweler¡¯s saw, mounted in bakelite, ground and polished ?? samples are preserved ?? analysis is repeatable ?? the same samples are used for electron microprobe, metallography, SEM-EDS, and nanoSIMS 16 elements were analyzed by electron microprobe wavelength- dispersive spectrometry (WDS), 200 ppm resolu-on: ?? iron ?? cobalt ?? nickel ?? copper ?? zinc ?? arsenic ?? an-mony ?? -n ?? sulfur ?? aluminum ?? silicon ?? manganese ?? silver ?? bismuth ?? lead ?? gold
AIA Presentation 2015
AIA Presentation 2015
AIA Presentation 2015
cm
metalworking casting annealing forging ingot object process product / by-product slag mining ore processing sorting crushing roasting smelting ore ore alloying recycling splash scrap co-smelting metallurgical cycle: processes and products
metalworking casting annealing forging ingot object process product / by-product slag mining ore processing sorting crushing roasting smelting ore ore alloying recycling splash scrap co-smelting metallurgical cycle: processes and products recycling
Utevka VI kurgan cemetery ca. 2000 BC kurgan 6, grave 6 Kurgan 6
arsenic values electron microprobe results metalwork from burial assemblages (Samara, Russia, 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE)
iron and an-mony electron microprobe results metalwork from burials in the Utevka VI and Potapovka I kurgan cemeteries (Samara, Russia)
Potapovka I Utevka VI Samara R. Volga R.
work paSern 2 worked + annealed + light-moderate cold work (hammering) work paSern 3 worked + annealed + heavy cold work chisel, Utevka VI, kurgan 6, grave 6 knife, Utevka VI, kurgan 6, grave 6 chisel
0 5 10 15 20 25 Potapovka I Utevka VI WP 2 WP 3 21 12 16 9 comparison of work paSerns copper and bronze metalwork from Potapovka I and Utevka VI
AIA Presentation 2015
Nizhnyaya Orlyanka Spiridonovka II Samara R. Volga R. Potapovka I Utevka VI
electrum foil-covered pendants from Early Srubnaya-Pokrovka kurgan burials Middle Volga, ca. 1850-1700 BCE Spiridonovka II Nizhnyaya Orlyanka
electron microprobe results* foil-covered pendants, Nizhnyaya Orlyanka and Spiridonovka II gold content is over 20x greater near the surface *Dr. Peter Northover and Dr. Chris Salter Department of Materials, Oxford University
the SEM image shows that the gold- silver crystal structure goes to surface gold enrichment was not caused by adding a new layer of gold to outside of the foil gold enrichment was caused by removing silver from the surface of the foil to a depth of 5¦Ìm Spiridonovka II pendant DP94 backscaSer SEM image
nanoSIMS map of foil* Spiridonovka II pendant gold silver copper *Dr. Zihua Zhu, EMSL (DoE), Richland, WA ca. 7 ¦Ìm there is no di?usion bond there is overlap between gold- and silver- enriched zones this supports the hypothesis of deple-on gilding
Gold-covered ornaments from other LBA kurgan graves in the Middle Volga (untested) ancient deple-on gilding Andes H. Lechtman (1973) The Gilding of Metals in Pre-Columbian Peru. Applica/on of Science in Examina/on of Works of Art (W. Young, ed.), pp. 38-52 Mesopotamia S. La Niece (1995) Deple-on Gilding from Third Millennium BC Ur. Iraq 57: 41-47 A. Hauptmann et al. (2010) Gold from the Royal Tombs of Ur, 2600 BC: Gilding Techniques, Tumbaga Alloys, Deple-on Gilding ¨C on the Use of a Hand-Held XRF Spectrometer. Metalla SonderheH 3: 57-59
Badakhshan Royal Cemetery of Ur ca. 2600 BC Samara Samara, ca. 1800 BC was the deple-on gilding technique transferred along the same routes as lapis?
¡®pearls¡¯ DP88 DP89 ¡®pearls¡¯ DP88 DP89 Kutuluk I EBA (Yamnaya), ca. 1950 BCE
Inventory from Sintashta grave 30 Reconstruction of the Arkaim Settlement Sintashta paSern MBA II, ca. 2100-1800 BCE
Funding ??Wenner-Gren Founda-on ??Na-onal Science Founda-on ??O?ce of Research, Faculty Research CommiSee, Humani-es and Social Sciences Research CommiSee, and College of Art & LeSers, Idaho State University Research Centers and Ins2tutes ??Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (Richland, Washington) ??Ins-tute for the History and Archaeology of the Volga (Samara, Russia) ??Center for Archaeology, Materials and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University Students and Colleagues from ??University of Chicago ??Hartwick College te ?University¡¯s ? ch ?pixel ?in ?the ? t ?pa ern. ?Sig-?©\ ?in ?Fig. ?4. ?The ? of ?silver ?in ?the ? . ?4, ?right) ?also ? . ?Gold ?enrich-?©\ d ?on ?to ?it ?as ?is ? the ?par cipa on ?Ur ?and ?the ?Bronze ?Age ?steppes ?in ?networks ?for ?the ?distribu on ?of ?lapis ?lazuli ?[3] ?suggest ? that ?knowledge ?of ?this ?technique ?may ?have ?traveled ?the ?prehistoric ?Silk ?Road ?with ?early ?luxuries. ?Deple on ? gilding ?implies ?the ?associa on ?of ?gold ?with ?beauty ?and ?greater ?value ?than ?the ?other ?metals ?that ?were ?re-?©\ moved ?and ?hidden ?below ?the ?surface ?of ?the ?object. ?It ?was ?2000 ?years ?before ?technology ?for ?"gilding ?the ? lily"¡ªgiving ?the ?surface ?of ?a ?rare ?and ?valuable ?material, ?electrum, ?a ?more ?golden ?color¡ªwas ?used ?to ?re?ne ? gold. ?If ?gold ?was ?so ?valuable, ?why ?did ?it ?take ?so ?long ?for ?this ?shi ?to ?occur? ?The ?uses ?of ?gold ?went ?beyond ? the ?desire ?to ?acquire ?more ?of ?the ?precious ?material. ?Gold ?re?nement ?produces ?a ?color ?change ?and ?a ?loss ?of ? mass ?from ?the ?removal ?of ?silver. ?The ?manipula on ?of ?electrum ?for ?bodily ?adornment ?in ?the ?Spiridonovka ?II ? pendant ?would ?have ?been ?made ?more ?di?cult ?by ?puri?ca on; ?removal ?of ?all ?of ?the ?silver ?would ?have ?result-?©\ ed ?in ?loss ?of ?95% ?of ?a ?scarce ?material ?that ?was ?already ?worked ?into ?a ?very ?thin ?foil. ?The ?mo va on ?for ?re-?©\ ?nement ?was ?not ?adornment, ?but ?control ?of ?the ?composi on ?of ?the ?material ?itself. ?Analysis ?of ?the ?earliest ? Lydian ?coins ?shows ?that ?slightly ?before ?re?nement ?was ?introduced, ?electrum ?was ?struck ?into ?coins ?of ?regular ? weight ?and ?form ?as ?assurance ?of ?redeemability ?by ?the ?Lydian ?state ?[12]. ?Faith ?in ?this ?new ?medium ?for ?mar-?©\ ket ?interac ons, ?tax, ?and ?tribute ?was ?tested ?in ?its ?early ?years, ?crea ng ?a ?greater ?need ?to ?control ?the ?make- up ?of ?o?cial ?currency ?and ?to ?sustain ?permanent ?shops ?[13]. ?Size ?and ?weight ?were ?not ?enough. ?The ?ideal ?be-?©\ came ?a ?pure ?material ?that ?remained ?as ?a ?commodity ?itself ?when ?faith ?in ?coin ?and ?state ?was ?challenged. ONGOING ?RESEARCH Iden ?ca on ?of ?deple on ?gilding ?during ?the ?Bronze ?Age ?in ?the ?Volga-Ural ?steppes ?has ?led ?to ?the ?ques on ?of ? how ?widespread ?these ?techniques ?were ?in ?the ?prehistory ?of ?the ?surrounding ?region. ?Peterson ?will ?travel ?to ? Kazakhstan ?to ?collect ?samples ?from ?Bronze ?and ?Iron ?Age ?contexts ?in ?May ?2013 ?for ?new ?analyses. ? ? ? ck ?and ?white ? vka ?II ?pendant ? foil , ? ? ? ? ? g) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A ?por on ?of ?the ?research ?was ?performed ?using ?EMSL, ?a ?na onal ?scien ?c ?user ?facility ?sponsored ?by ?the ?Department ?of ?Energy¡¯s ?o?ce ?of ?Biological ?and ?Environmental ?Research ?and ?locat-?©\ ed ?at ?Paci?c ?Northwest ?Na onal ?Laboratory. ?Acquisi on ?of ?the ?samples ?was ?facilitated ?by ?Peterson¡¯s ?par cipa on ?in ?the ?Samara ?Valley ?Project ?(Dr. ?David ?Anthony, ?PI), ?and ?collec on ?of ? new ?samples ?in ?Kazakhstan ?will ?be ?done ?in ?coordina on ?with ?the ?Tuzusai ?project ?directed ?by ?Dr. ?Claudia ?Chang ?(Sweet ?Briar ?College. ? ?EPMA ?was ?performed ?at ?Oxford ?Materials ?by ?Dr. ?Pe-?©\ ter ?Northover ?and ?Dr. ?Chris ?Salter, ?with ?assistance ?from ?Dr. ?Blanca ?Maldonado. ?Funding ?was ?provided ?by ?the ?Wenner-Gren ?Founda on ?for ?Anthropological ?Research ?through ?Individual ?Re-?©\ search ?Grant ?6760. ?This ?material ?is ?based ?upon ?work ?supported ?by ?the ?Na onal ?Science ?Founda on ?under ?Grant ?No. ?0431940. ?Any ?opinions, ??ndings, ?and ?conclusions ?or ?recommenda-?©\ ons ?expressed ?in ?this ?material ?are ?those ?of ?the ?authors ?and ?do ?not ?necessarily ?re?ect ?the ?views ?of ?the ?Na onal ?Science ?Founda on. ?This ?work ?was ?also ?partly ?supported ?by ?the ?Na onal ? Science ?Founda on ?under ?Grant ?No. ?BSC ?0821783, ?PHY ?0852060, ?and ?the ?O?ce ?of ?Research ?and ?College ?of ?Arts ?and ?Le ers, ?Idaho ?State ?University. ? ?III: ?67-77. ? the ?Altai ?Moun-?©\ i ?Kul¡¯tury ?v ?Samar-?©\ -60. 93-97. ? D. ?disserta on, ?Uni-?©\ Boston, ?pp. ?38-52. ??Samara State Pedagogical University ?? Oxford Materials ?? Idaho State University

More Related Content

AIA Presentation 2015