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Geeta Sunilkumar

HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells of the immune system, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. In India in 2017, there were over 2 million people living with HIV, with 88,000 newly infected and 69,000 AIDS-related deaths. HIV is transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. While antiretroviral treatment can suppress HIV and prevent progression to AIDS, there is currently no cure.

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AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
What is HIV/AIDS • HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. • AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. • HIV attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections and certain cancers. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS.
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in India • In India in 2017 (Source-unaids.org) •2 100 000 people were living with HIV out of which((41.9%) were women •HIV incidence per 1000 uninfected—the number of new HIV infections among the uninfected population over one year—among all people of all ages was 0.1. •HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 0.2%. •88 000 people were newly infected with HIV. •69 000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.
What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS? • Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, some people may have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, or rash, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss. • The symptoms may last for a few days to several weeks. • During this earliest stage of HIV infection, the virus multiplies rapidly. • Opportunistic infections occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems. • HIV destroys vital cells required for the functioning of the immune system.
aids-210128072219-converted.pptx
HIV progress through three stages: Stage 1: Acutestage, the first few weeks after transmission • Early symptoms are flu-like. Stage 2: Clinical latency or chronic stage • Non-specific symptoms observed like headaches and other aches and pains, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers, night sweats, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss Stage 3: AIDS • Symptoms are recurrent fever, chronic swollen lymph glands, chronic fatigue, night sweats, skin lesions, recurrent or chronic diarrhea, rapid weight loss, neurologic problems, anxiety and depression.
HIV Progression to AIDS
How HIV Transmit? • The spread of HIV from person to person is called HIV Transmission. HIV is spread only in certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. These body fluids include:- ▪Blood ▪Semen ▪Pre-seminal fluid ▪Vaginal fluids ▪Rectal fluids ▪Breast milk • Unprotected sex with HIV infected person • Sharing injection drug equipment (works), such as needles, with someone who has HIV
Transmission of HIV
You can’t get HIV by :- • shaking hands or hugging a person who has HIV. • from contact with objects such as dishes, toilet seats, or doorknobs used by a person with HIV. • sharing food or drinks, including drinking fountains • saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with the blood of a person with HIV) • HIV is not spread through the air or in water or by mosquitoes, ticks, or other blood-sucking insects.
How is AIDS diagnosed? • Diagnosis of AIDS is based on the following criteria:- ⮚ A drop in CD4 count to less than 200 cells/mm3. A CD4 count measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of blood. OR ⮚ The presence of certain opportunistic infections. • No HIV test can detect HIV immediately after infection. •The first HIV protein (antigen) that can be measured is p24 (from 1 to 8 weeks after exposure). •In general, nucleic acid tests (NAT) can detect HIV the soonest, followed by combination or fourth generation tests, and then antibody tests. •Fourth-generation test looks for both HIV antibodies and antigens.
HIV Diagnostic Test
HIV/AIDS Tests • Nucleic acid test (NAT)-it detects the amount of virus(viral load) in blood of people who have early symptoms of HIV. • Fourth Generation -Antibody/antigen tests- check the blood for antibodies and antigens. ⮚ELISA for screening & ⮚ Western Blot for confirmation
aids-210128072219-converted.pptx
1.ELISA- detect HIV antibody • The blood sample added to a cassette/well that contains the viral protein, called antigen. • If the blood contains antibodies in response to HIV, it will bind with the antigen and cause the cassette's contents to change colour.
2. Western Blot- detect HIV antibodies • It separates the blood proteins and detects the HIV specific proteins (HIV antibodies) • It confirm a positive ELISA, and the combined tests are 99.9% accurate.
Timeline for HIV infection, immune responses and window period for tests
Window Period • The window period is time between HIV infection and the point when the test will give an accurate result. • During the window period a person can have HIV and be very infectious but still test HIV negative. • The window period for a 4th generation antigen/antibody test is about four weeks. By this time 95% of infections will be detected . • There is a three month window period after exposure, for the confirmatory result to detect more than 99.9% of infections.
What is the treatment for HIV? • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the use of HIV medicines to treat HIV infection. • ART prevents HIV from multiplying, which reduces the amount of HIV in the body (called the viral load) . • Having less HIV in the body protects the immune system and prevents HIV infection from advancing to AIDS. • ART can’t cure HIV, but HIV medicines help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. • ART also reduces the risk of HIV transmission. A main goal of ART is to reduce a person’s viral load to an undetectable level.
aids-210128072219-converted.pptx
aids-210128072219-converted.pptx
Anti-Retroviral Treatment • Antiretroviral (ARV) HIV drugs are divided into seven drug classes based on how each drug interferes with the HIV life cycle. • These seven classes include:- • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), • non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), • fusion inhibitors, • CCR5 antagonists, • post-attachment inhibitors, and • integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs).
aids-210128072219-converted.pptx
Protect yourself and community from getting infected with HIV THANK YOU!

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aids-210128072219-converted.pptx

  • 2. What is HIV/AIDS • HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes HIV infection. • AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. • HIV attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections and certain cancers. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS.
  • 3. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in India • In India in 2017 (Source-unaids.org) •2 100 000 people were living with HIV out of which((41.9%) were women •HIV incidence per 1000 uninfected—the number of new HIV infections among the uninfected population over one year—among all people of all ages was 0.1. •HIV prevalence—the percentage of people living with HIV—among adults (15–49 years) was 0.2%. •88 000 people were newly infected with HIV. •69 000 people died from an AIDS-related illness.
  • 4. What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS? • Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, some people may have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, or rash, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss. • The symptoms may last for a few days to several weeks. • During this earliest stage of HIV infection, the virus multiplies rapidly. • Opportunistic infections occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems. • HIV destroys vital cells required for the functioning of the immune system.
  • 6. HIV progress through three stages: Stage 1: Acutestage, the first few weeks after transmission • Early symptoms are flu-like. Stage 2: Clinical latency or chronic stage • Non-specific symptoms observed like headaches and other aches and pains, swollen lymph nodes, recurrent fevers, night sweats, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss Stage 3: AIDS • Symptoms are recurrent fever, chronic swollen lymph glands, chronic fatigue, night sweats, skin lesions, recurrent or chronic diarrhea, rapid weight loss, neurologic problems, anxiety and depression.
  • 8. How HIV Transmit? • The spread of HIV from person to person is called HIV Transmission. HIV is spread only in certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. These body fluids include:- â–ªBlood â–ªSemen â–ªPre-seminal fluid â–ªVaginal fluids â–ªRectal fluids â–ªBreast milk • Unprotected sex with HIV infected person • Sharing injection drug equipment (works), such as needles, with someone who has HIV
  • 10. You can’t get HIV by :- • shaking hands or hugging a person who has HIV. • from contact with objects such as dishes, toilet seats, or doorknobs used by a person with HIV. • sharing food or drinks, including drinking fountains • saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with the blood of a person with HIV) • HIV is not spread through the air or in water or by mosquitoes, ticks, or other blood-sucking insects.
  • 11. How is AIDS diagnosed? • Diagnosis of AIDS is based on the following criteria:- ⮚ A drop in CD4 count to less than 200 cells/mm3. A CD4 count measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of blood. OR ⮚ The presence of certain opportunistic infections. • No HIV test can detect HIV immediately after infection. •The first HIV protein (antigen) that can be measured is p24 (from 1 to 8 weeks after exposure). •In general, nucleic acid tests (NAT) can detect HIV the soonest, followed by combination or fourth generation tests, and then antibody tests. •Fourth-generation test looks for both HIV antibodies and antigens.
  • 13. HIV/AIDS Tests • Nucleic acid test (NAT)-it detects the amount of virus(viral load) in blood of people who have early symptoms of HIV. • Fourth Generation -Antibody/antigen tests- check the blood for antibodies and antigens. ⮚ELISA for screening & ⮚ Western Blot for confirmation
  • 15. 1.ELISA- detect HIV antibody • The blood sample added to a cassette/well that contains the viral protein, called antigen. • If the blood contains antibodies in response to HIV, it will bind with the antigen and cause the cassette's contents to change colour.
  • 16. 2. Western Blot- detect HIV antibodies • It separates the blood proteins and detects the HIV specific proteins (HIV antibodies) • It confirm a positive ELISA, and the combined tests are 99.9% accurate.
  • 17. Timeline for HIV infection, immune responses and window period for tests
  • 18. Window Period • The window period is time between HIV infection and the point when the test will give an accurate result. • During the window period a person can have HIV and be very infectious but still test HIV negative. • The window period for a 4th generation antigen/antibody test is about four weeks. By this time 95% of infections will be detected . • There is a three month window period after exposure, for the confirmatory result to detect more than 99.9% of infections.
  • 19. What is the treatment for HIV? • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the use of HIV medicines to treat HIV infection. • ART prevents HIV from multiplying, which reduces the amount of HIV in the body (called the viral load) . • Having less HIV in the body protects the immune system and prevents HIV infection from advancing to AIDS. • ART can’t cure HIV, but HIV medicines help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. • ART also reduces the risk of HIV transmission. A main goal of ART is to reduce a person’s viral load to an undetectable level.
  • 22. Anti-Retroviral Treatment • Antiretroviral (ARV) HIV drugs are divided into seven drug classes based on how each drug interferes with the HIV life cycle. • These seven classes include:- • nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), • non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), • fusion inhibitors, • CCR5 antagonists, • post-attachment inhibitors, and • integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs).
  • 24. Protect yourself and community from getting infected with HIV THANK YOU!