Alkaline phosphatase
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme involved in dephosphorylation, commonly found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and placenta. Normal ALP levels vary by age and gender, with elevated levels in children and pregnant women, and the enzyme's activity can indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or cancers. The ALP test may be supplemented with isoenzyme testing or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) tests to distinguish between liver and bone-related conditions.
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Alkaline phosphatase
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. TOPIC
- 4. INTRODUCTION ALP(Alkaline phosphotase)is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecule including neucleotides ,proteins and alkaloids. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation.
- 5. LOCATION ALP present in all tissues but it is particularly concentrated in liver, bile duct,kidney,bones,placenta,intestinal mucosa
- 6. ISOENZYMES Isoenzymes are multiple enzyme,isomers of enzyme. There are three isoenzymes of ALP. ALPI-specific in intestine ALPL-tissue,non specific(liver,bone,kidney). ALPP-specific in placenta.
- 7. NORMAL VALUES OF ALP Normal value for 20-50 years of old man is 53-128 u/l. normal values for 20-50 years of old woman is 42-98 u/l. Normal values slightly different if you are older than 60 and is in range of 56-119 u/l for man and for woman it is in range of 53-141 u/l. children have high ALP level because of their growth phase. pregnant women typically have higher ALP values due to contributions from the placenta.
- 8. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALP ALP test is used to detect Liver disease,Bone disorders,biliary obstruction and cancer. In conditions affecting the liver(e.g,hepatitis) damaged liver cells releases increase amounts of ALP in to the blood. ALP test is used to detect biliary obstruction(blocked bile duct)because ALP is especially high in the edges of cells that join to form bile ducts.If one or more of them are obstructed. Any condition that affects bone growth or causes increased activity of bone cells can affect ALP levels in the blood. Test may be used to detect cancers that have spread to
- 9. Test may be used to diagnose Paget's disease that causes malformed bones. If ALP results are increased but it is not clear whether it is due to liver or bone disease then tests for ALP isoenzyme may also be done to determine the cause. A GGT test (gamma-glutamyl transferase)may also done to differenciate between liver and bone diseases.GGT is high in liver but in bone disease.
- 10. CONDITIONS IN WHICH IT IS ELEVATED Biliary obstruction(blocked bile duct) Osteoblastic bone tumors osteomalacia Hepatitis leukemia lymphoma paget's Disease Sarcoidosis