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Alzheimers Disease
By: Ryan Triplett
Alzheimers
 The deterioration of intellectual capabilities, memory,
judgment, and personality to the extent that daily
functioning and quality of life are seriously impaired.
 Generally occurs in the elderly impairing brain function,
which can lead to dementia.
 Named for German neurologist Alois Alzheimer in 1907.
Statistics
 4 million or more cases in U.S.
 100,000 die each year.
 4th major leading cause of
death in U.S.
 65 or older when symptoms
can begin
Clinical Features
 Loss of short-term memory and ability to create
memories
 Concentration on past
 Loss of time
 Communication diminishes
 Personality changes
 Delusions
 Become immobilized and uncomprehending
 Death due to respiratory failure
 65 and up disease lasts 8-20 years
 65 and down disease lasts 5-10 years disease more
rapid
Histological Analysis
3 distinctive neuropathological features
1. Devastating losses of synapses and neurons within
hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
2. Dense spherical structures, called senile plaques (SP),
prevalent outside the neurons of the hippocampus and
other regions of the brain.
3. Aggregations of fibrils (Neurofibrillary tangles, NFT)
accumulate within cell bodies and dendritic processes
of the neurons of the hippocampus, neurocortex,
entorhinal cortex, and other brain parts.
Pictures of Brain Degradation
Degradation contd
Senile Plaques
 Densely packed fibrous
structures called amyloid
bodies.
 Consists of mainly
protein, 4-kDa peptide.
 Many isoforms make up
the amyloid proteins.
 Amyloid precursor protein
another source of which
can lead to AD.
Functional role unknown.
Neurofibrillary Tangles
 Consist of helical filaments called PHF.
 Intertwined protein strands made of tau protein
molecules.
 Formation of NFTs not unique to AD.
 Found in many other neurodegenerative disorders
with dementias, affecting the brain.
 Scientists believe that the amyloid proteins lead
to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles,
and both can lead to AD symptoms.
Diagnosis
 Only definitive way is to use brain scans
(CT) to see plaques or tangles in brain
tissue.
 Tests used to exclude other diseases.
Treatments
 No treatment can prevent Alzheimers
 Drugs for early stages
 Cognax, Aricept, Exelon, or Razadyne
 Severe stages
 Memantine (Namenda)
 Medicines used to control symptoms,
allow caregivers to provide easier care.
Research
 Neuroimaging
 Finding damaged parts of the brain
 Alzheimers Genetics
 Anti-oxidants
 Ginkgo biloba
 Using to stimulate memory
 Estrogen
 Tested for levels found in AD patients, which
are women
References
 Pasternak, J. Jack. Introduction to Molecular Genetics.
2nd edition.2005. pg. 403-408.
 www.bic.ucs.edu/images/alz3d.jpg
 www.ahaf.org
 www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications

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AlzheimersDisease-Ryantriplettnew.ppt

  • 2. Alzheimers The deterioration of intellectual capabilities, memory, judgment, and personality to the extent that daily functioning and quality of life are seriously impaired. Generally occurs in the elderly impairing brain function, which can lead to dementia. Named for German neurologist Alois Alzheimer in 1907.
  • 3. Statistics 4 million or more cases in U.S. 100,000 die each year. 4th major leading cause of death in U.S. 65 or older when symptoms can begin
  • 4. Clinical Features Loss of short-term memory and ability to create memories Concentration on past Loss of time Communication diminishes Personality changes Delusions Become immobilized and uncomprehending Death due to respiratory failure 65 and up disease lasts 8-20 years 65 and down disease lasts 5-10 years disease more rapid
  • 5. Histological Analysis 3 distinctive neuropathological features 1. Devastating losses of synapses and neurons within hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. 2. Dense spherical structures, called senile plaques (SP), prevalent outside the neurons of the hippocampus and other regions of the brain. 3. Aggregations of fibrils (Neurofibrillary tangles, NFT) accumulate within cell bodies and dendritic processes of the neurons of the hippocampus, neurocortex, entorhinal cortex, and other brain parts.
  • 6. Pictures of Brain Degradation
  • 8. Senile Plaques Densely packed fibrous structures called amyloid bodies. Consists of mainly protein, 4-kDa peptide. Many isoforms make up the amyloid proteins. Amyloid precursor protein another source of which can lead to AD. Functional role unknown.
  • 9. Neurofibrillary Tangles Consist of helical filaments called PHF. Intertwined protein strands made of tau protein molecules. Formation of NFTs not unique to AD. Found in many other neurodegenerative disorders with dementias, affecting the brain. Scientists believe that the amyloid proteins lead to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles, and both can lead to AD symptoms.
  • 10. Diagnosis Only definitive way is to use brain scans (CT) to see plaques or tangles in brain tissue. Tests used to exclude other diseases.
  • 11. Treatments No treatment can prevent Alzheimers Drugs for early stages Cognax, Aricept, Exelon, or Razadyne Severe stages Memantine (Namenda) Medicines used to control symptoms, allow caregivers to provide easier care.
  • 12. Research Neuroimaging Finding damaged parts of the brain Alzheimers Genetics Anti-oxidants Ginkgo biloba Using to stimulate memory Estrogen Tested for levels found in AD patients, which are women
  • 13. References Pasternak, J. Jack. Introduction to Molecular Genetics. 2nd edition.2005. pg. 403-408. www.bic.ucs.edu/images/alz3d.jpg www.ahaf.org www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications