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Amanat

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Juenalley

Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei declared the Oath of Amanat in 1885 in an attempt to prevent further losses of Brunei's territories to foreign powers like the British and Brooke family, as Brunei had already lost significant areas including Sarawak, North Borneo, and parts of the Baram region. However, the Amanat was ineffective because it was not agreed to by the foreign powers encroaching on Brunei's lands, and Brunei lacked military strength and weapons to enforce the agreement. As a result, Brunei continued losing territories like Limbang despite the Sultan's efforts.

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SekolahMenengahSayyidina OthmanTutong‘The oath of amanat’The Reign of Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)
Contents Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Loss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)The Declaration of AmanatSummaryQuestions
Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Sultan Abdul Momin was the 24th Sultan of Brunei
He ruled from 1852-1885
He was the son of PengiranShahbandarPengiranAnak Abdul Wahab
The son-in-law of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin IILoss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)Loss of Sarawak to James BrookeWhen Sultan Abdul Momin ascended the throne, James Brooke wanted to sign a new treaty with the SultanThe Treaty1852, Sultan Abdul Momin confirmed Brooke as ‘Independent Rajah’ and has to give BatangLuparin 1853
1861, James Brooke persuaded Sultan to give areas of Rajang to Bintulu River, including Mukah and OyaThis was supported by the BritishSultan received $4,500 but Brunei lost of its sago productionThe Treaty1855, Sultan has to give 7 districts of Rajang includes Rajang, Kalakah, Lingga, Saribas, Sadong, Sekrang and SamarahanSultan received $1500 annually
Loss of North Borneo (Sabah) to the BritishTo counter balance made by James Brooke, the British made an agreement with the sultanJuly 1865, Sultan Abdul Momin had to sign an agreement in leasing North Borneo (Sabah) to Clause Lee Moses, the United States Council General in BruneiSultan received $ 4,500 annually and $4,000 to PengiranTemenggongAnakHashim
1865, C.L Moses sold North Borneo to W.J Torrey(American Businessman who formed American Trading Company of Borneo)After 10 years, in 1875, Torrey sold the land to Baron Von Overbeck (Austrian Council in Hongkong)Overbeck sold the land to Alfred Dent, a British merchant and formed a company North Borneo (Chartered ) Company in November 1881
Further Lost of Sarawak to Charles BrookeBrunei further lost more lands to the Brooke’s family, Sir Charles Brooke, the nephew of James BrookeCharles Brooke wanted to further his territory by taking Baram River. However, the Sultan refused to give the land
The Sultan seek for British’s help and as a result, Charles Brooke was banned from taking more territories in the next 10 yearsHe failed
However…Brooke did not stop there…Rebellion in Baram in 1874 by the Kayan peopleBrooke used this opportunity to seize Baram.As a result, Sultan Abdul Mominhas to give in$2,000 paid toPengiranTemenggongAnakHashim
PengiranBendahara
PengiranPemanchaSultan received $3,000 annually
Map of losses Brunei’s territories1865-18811882190518841861189018531846James BrookeCharles BrookeBritish
Reasons for losing more territoriesFinancial problem faced by the SultanForced the sultan to lease the lands. As a result, Brunei lost its territories -PehinJamil-Rebellions and support for Western ExpansionRebellion by the Kayans in Baram against Brunei’s ruler because of its excessive oppression and taxation
People of Limbang revolted against Brunei’s ruler in 1884The Declaration of AmanatSultan Abdul Mominrealised that if the expansionist activities by Brooke’s family and the British North Borneo Company continued, Brunei will become a shrinking kingdomSultan Abdul Momin declared ‘The Oath of Amanat’
The Oath of AmanatIt was an agreement between the Sultan and the Wazirs, Menterisand the holders of Tulin rights.Declared by Sultan Abdul Mominon20 February 1885 / 6 Jamadil–Awal 1302 HPurposeNOT to cede or lease any of the remaining territories of Brunei to foreign powers.
Amanat
However.. The Amanat was ineffcetive Reasons:Amanat was only signed by the Sultan, Wazirs, Menteris and Tulin holders and NOTwith the British North Borneo Company or Charles Brooke

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Amanat

  • 1. SekolahMenengahSayyidina OthmanTutong‘The oath of amanat’The Reign of Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)
  • 2. Contents Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Loss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)The Declaration of AmanatSummaryQuestions
  • 3. Sultan Abdul Momin(1852-1885)Sultan Abdul Momin was the 24th Sultan of Brunei
  • 4. He ruled from 1852-1885
  • 5. He was the son of PengiranShahbandarPengiranAnak Abdul Wahab
  • 6. The son-in-law of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin IILoss of Brunei’s Territories (1853-1884)Loss of Sarawak to James BrookeWhen Sultan Abdul Momin ascended the throne, James Brooke wanted to sign a new treaty with the SultanThe Treaty1852, Sultan Abdul Momin confirmed Brooke as ‘Independent Rajah’ and has to give BatangLuparin 1853
  • 7. 1861, James Brooke persuaded Sultan to give areas of Rajang to Bintulu River, including Mukah and OyaThis was supported by the BritishSultan received $4,500 but Brunei lost of its sago productionThe Treaty1855, Sultan has to give 7 districts of Rajang includes Rajang, Kalakah, Lingga, Saribas, Sadong, Sekrang and SamarahanSultan received $1500 annually
  • 8. Loss of North Borneo (Sabah) to the BritishTo counter balance made by James Brooke, the British made an agreement with the sultanJuly 1865, Sultan Abdul Momin had to sign an agreement in leasing North Borneo (Sabah) to Clause Lee Moses, the United States Council General in BruneiSultan received $ 4,500 annually and $4,000 to PengiranTemenggongAnakHashim
  • 9. 1865, C.L Moses sold North Borneo to W.J Torrey(American Businessman who formed American Trading Company of Borneo)After 10 years, in 1875, Torrey sold the land to Baron Von Overbeck (Austrian Council in Hongkong)Overbeck sold the land to Alfred Dent, a British merchant and formed a company North Borneo (Chartered ) Company in November 1881
  • 10. Further Lost of Sarawak to Charles BrookeBrunei further lost more lands to the Brooke’s family, Sir Charles Brooke, the nephew of James BrookeCharles Brooke wanted to further his territory by taking Baram River. However, the Sultan refused to give the land
  • 11. The Sultan seek for British’s help and as a result, Charles Brooke was banned from taking more territories in the next 10 yearsHe failed
  • 12. However…Brooke did not stop there…Rebellion in Baram in 1874 by the Kayan peopleBrooke used this opportunity to seize Baram.As a result, Sultan Abdul Mominhas to give in$2,000 paid toPengiranTemenggongAnakHashim
  • 15. Map of losses Brunei’s territories1865-18811882190518841861189018531846James BrookeCharles BrookeBritish
  • 16. Reasons for losing more territoriesFinancial problem faced by the SultanForced the sultan to lease the lands. As a result, Brunei lost its territories -PehinJamil-Rebellions and support for Western ExpansionRebellion by the Kayans in Baram against Brunei’s ruler because of its excessive oppression and taxation
  • 17. People of Limbang revolted against Brunei’s ruler in 1884The Declaration of AmanatSultan Abdul Mominrealised that if the expansionist activities by Brooke’s family and the British North Borneo Company continued, Brunei will become a shrinking kingdomSultan Abdul Momin declared ‘The Oath of Amanat’
  • 18. The Oath of AmanatIt was an agreement between the Sultan and the Wazirs, Menterisand the holders of Tulin rights.Declared by Sultan Abdul Mominon20 February 1885 / 6 Jamadil–Awal 1302 HPurposeNOT to cede or lease any of the remaining territories of Brunei to foreign powers.
  • 20. However.. The Amanat was ineffcetive Reasons:Amanat was only signed by the Sultan, Wazirs, Menteris and Tulin holders and NOTwith the British North Borneo Company or Charles Brooke
  • 21. Britain did not take the Amanat seriously, therefore the British North Borneo Company and Charles Brooke demanded more lands
  • 22. Brunei had no sophisticated weapons to fight while Brooke and the British North Borneo Company could use steam warships and more powerful gunsvS
  • 23. Evidences to show the ineffectiveness of AmanatThe signing of Protectorate Agreement by the Sultan HashimIf the Amanat was effective, Brunei did not have to sign another agreement to protect its own landsThe Lost of Limbang and Terusan to Charles BrookeSummarythe coming of…Brooke’s FamilyThe British North Borneo CompanyTo BruneiResult toFurther lost of Brunei’s territories
  • 24. Summary of the lost of Brunei’s territories
  • 25. Effort done by the Sultan to stop expansionistBy Sultan, Wazirs, Menteri and Tulin’s holders20th February 1885AmanatWithout Charles Brooke and the British North Borneo Company support
  • 27. Brunei have no sophisticated weapons like the WesternersIneffective
  • 28. QuestionsWas Charles Brooke an opportunist? Cite evidence to support/oppose the viewWhat were the impacts of the coming of the Brooke’s family to Brunei?Why was the Amanat introduced? Was the Amanat successful to prevent Brunei from losing any of its territories? Describe.List and explain the reasons for the Amanat to be ineffectiveDraw a map of Brunei in the 19th century and label the areas that were taken by the Brooke’s family