Atoms, Molecules,
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There are 3 main types of combustion analysis questions: 1) finding CxHy given volumes of CO2, O2, and CxHy, 2) finding CxHy given a change in volume and volume of CO2, and 3) finding CxHyOz given masses of CO2, H2O, and CxHyOz. The strategies involve using mole ratios from the balanced equation and determining unknown quantities based on known volumes or masses. Common mistakes in titration problems involve not accounting for dilution or sampling when volumes have been changed or aliquots taken. Redox titrations can determine oxidation states by finding electrons transferred using mole ratios in the balanced equation.
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![Combustion Analysis
Strategy
2. Find CxHy given V, VCO2
CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O
Vratio 10 10x + 5y/2 10x 5y
Step 2:
V = 10x + 5y [10 + 10x + 5y]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ams-110927000545-phpapp01/85/Atoms-Molecules-8-320.jpg)
![Titration
Common Mistakes:
Dilution
25 cm3 of FA1 was made up to 250 cm3 in a standard flask
and the resulting solution was analysed by titration Find
the concentration of H+ in FA1.
From titration data, note that the [H+] calculated is for 250
cm3 solution Actual [H+] = 10 x [H+] calculated](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ams-110927000545-phpapp01/85/Atoms-Molecules-16-320.jpg)
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Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment
Honor Code Cover Sheet for Exams
Student Name: _____________________________________________________
(Please Print)
STATEMENT FOR EXAMS
Duke University is a community dedicated to scholarship, leadership, and service
and to the principles of honesty, fairness, respect, and accountability. Citizens of
this community commit to reflect upon and uphold these principles in all
academic and nonacademic endeavors, and to protect and promote a culture of
integrity.
The Pledge
Students affirm their commitment to uphold the values of the Duke University
community by signing a pledge that states:
To uphold the Duke Community Standard:
I will not lie, cheat, or steal in my academic endeavors;
I will conduct myself responsibly in all my endeavors; and
I will act if the Standard is compromised.
I have adhered to the Duke Community Standard in completing this exam.
________________________________________ _______________________
(Student Signature) Todays Date
ENVIRON 239/EOS 239 FINAL EXAM
40 points
DUE BY: 5 pm, Thu May 2
IMPORTANT
1. Read the questions carefully.
2. Make sure that your answers precisely address the question - no credit will be given for
material that does not address the question.
3. Write clearly, and do not clutter up the page. The progression of your answer should be
self-evident. If I cannot figure out what you write, you will not get credit for your answer.
4. The exam is open-book you may consult your class notes, the lecture slides, and the
readings. You are not allowed to consult any other sources or search the web for answers.
5. Late exams will be penalized 8 points (20% of total) for each day or part of day late.
SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS
Upload your completed final exam in electronic form to Sakai Drop Box name the file
Final_LastName.pdf or Final_LastName.docx. Or slide a hard copy under my office
door. Also note that you should upload to Sakai Drop Box or email to me your PLAS
program for Question 8.
Question 1 (3 points)
Briefly describe the two specific reasons that we discussed in class as to why HOx and
NOx destroy O3 chemically in the stratosphere, but generally produce O3 chemically in
the troposphere.
Question 2 (2 points)
Briefly explain why anthropogenic VOC emissions control measures in the 1990s did not
significantly reduce regional surface ozone pollution in the U.S.
Question 3 (2 points)
There is evidence that surface NOx emissions from the industrialized midlatitudes of the
Northern Hemisphere occasionally contribute to elevated levels of NOx at the surface at
high northern latitudes. Given the relatively short chemical lifetime of NOx (1-2 days),
this seems surprising till one considers organic nitrates. Using PAN (peroxyace.OXIDATION REDUCTION FOR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS.ppt
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1. Selected synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry
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2) Strategies for calculating pH when mixing different combinations of strong/weak acids and bases.
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This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including electrode potentials, galvanic cells, and electrolytic cells. It defines electrode potentials as the electric potential arising from the separation of charges in redox half reactions. Standard electrode potentials can be measured versus the standard hydrogen electrode and indicate whether the forward or backward reaction is favored. Electrode potentials are also used to predict the feasibility of redox reactions. The document distinguishes anodes and cathodes in galvanic and electrolytic cells and how to draw cell diagrams. It provides strategies for using calculations involving current, time, moles of electrons, and Faraday's constant to solve electrochemistry problems.Ionic Equilibria
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1. The document discusses ionic equilibria, specifically acids and bases, and how to identify and classify them.
2. It also discusses how to determine if a salt is neutral, acidic, or basic based on the acid and base ions that make it up.
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Atoms, Molecules,
- 1. AMS Combustion Analysis
- 2. Combustion Analysis There are generally 3 types of qns: 1. Find CxHy given VCO2, VO2, VCxHy 2. Find CxHy given V, VCO2 3. Find CxHyOz given mCO2, mH2O, mCxHy
- 3. Combustion Analysis Strategy 1. Find CxHy given VCO2, VO2, VCxHy CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O
- 4. Combustion Analysis Strategy 1. Find CxHy given VCO2, VO2, VCxHy CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Step 1: From the question, find V(CxHy) used V(CO2) produced V(O2) reacted
- 5. Combustion Analysis Strategy 1. Find CxHy given VCO2, VO2, VCxHy 1CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Step 2: Use the ratios: x V(CO2) x+y/4 V(O2) = = 1 V(CxHy) 1 V(CxHy)
- 6. Combustion Analysis Strategy 2. Find CxHy given V, VCO2 CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O
- 7. Combustion Analysis Strategy 2. Find CxHy given V, VCO2 Step 1: From the question, determine volume ratio CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O nratio 1 x+y/4 x y/2 e.g. (10 cm3 of hydrocarbon) Vratio 10 10x + 5y/2 10x 5y
- 8. Combustion Analysis Strategy 2. Find CxHy given V, VCO2 CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Vratio 10 10x + 5y/2 10x 5y Step 2: V = 10x + 5y [10 + 10x + 5y]
- 9. Combustion Analysis Strategy 3. Find CxHyOZ given mCO2, mH2O, mCxHy CxHyOz + ? O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O
- 10. Combustion Analysis Strategy 3. Find CxHyOZ given mCO2, mH2O, mCxHy CxHyOz + ? O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Step 1: From the question, find m(CO2) produced absorbed by NaOH/ KOH m(H2O) produced absorbed by P4O10 m(CxHyOz) used
- 11. Combustion Analysis Strategy 3. Find CxHyOZ given mCO2, mH2O, mCxHy CxHyOz + ? O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Step 2: m(CO2) n(CO2) = n(C) m(C) m(H2O) n(H2O) = 1/2n(H) m(H) m(O) = m(CxHyOz) m(C) m(H)
- 12. Combustion Analysis Strategy 3. Find CxHyOZ given mCO2, mH2O, mCxHy CxHyOz + ? O2 x CO2 + y/2 H2O Step 3: C H O m n ratio
- 13. AMS Titration
- 14. Titration How to solve problems involving back titrations and double indicator? They are actually just multiple titrations. There are no shortcuts to solving these problems You have to understand the basic concepts of back titrations and double indicator
- 15. Titration Common Mistakes: When solving titration problems, be aware of: 1. Dilution 2. Sampling
- 16. Titration Common Mistakes: Dilution 25 cm3 of FA1 was made up to 250 cm3 in a standard flask and the resulting solution was analysed by titration Find the concentration of H+ in FA1. From titration data, note that the [H+] calculated is for 250 cm3 solution Actual [H+] = 10 x [H+] calculated
- 17. Titration Common Mistakes: Sampling A 250 cm3 solution of H+ was prepared. 25 cm3 of this solution was titrated Calculate the amount of H+ in the original solution. From titration data, note that the n(H+) calculated is for 25 cm3 sample Actual n(H+) = 10 x n(H+) calculated
- 18. Titration (Redox) How to find initial/ final O.S. of a species using titration? 1. Find the amount (moles) of the known reactant. 2. Find moles of electrons transferred. 3. Find moles of electrons transferred per mole of unknown species = change in O.S.
- 19. Titration (Redox) How to find initial/ final O.S. of a species using titration? Faster Method (For MCQs) Find the reacting ratio between the two redox reagents. Ratio x no. of electrons transferred should be the same for both. Fe2+ MnO4 nratio 4 1 e 1 ? product 4 4